commit d2bebc9e7b196f09a9126f1e32fe4ceaf1a5298a
Author: nils <nils@chaotikum.org>
Date:   Fri Aug 21 08:44:19 2026 +0200

    Initial import: Rust BLE-MIDI keypad for Pico W
    
    Port of the C/BTstack BLE-MIDI keypad firmware to Rust (embassy + cyw43 +
    trouble). 16-pad RGB keypad (APA102 SPI + I2C button expander), BLE-MIDI 1.0
    GATT server (full codec: sysex, running-status, real-time), octave display
    on BOOTSEL, onboard LED heartbeat, USB serial logging.
    
    - src/keypad.rs      Pimoroni RGB Keypad driver
    - src/midi_keypad.rs pad->Note On/Off + LED response state machine
    - src/codec.rs       BLE-MIDI 1.0 codec (port of rppicomidi, MIT)
    - src/main.rs        cyw43 BT bring-up + trouble GATT + MIDI pump
    - src/octave.rs      octave digit display on BOOTSEL
    
    GPL-3.0-or-later; codec.rs retains its MIT (rppicomidi) attribution.

diff --git a/.cargo/config.toml b/.cargo/config.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc7c1c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.cargo/config.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
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diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea8c4bf
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4751bea
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+ "thread_local",
+ "tracing",
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+ "tracing-log",
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+[[package]]
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+ "embassy-futures 0.1.2 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
+ "embassy-sync",
+ "embassy-time",
+ "embedded-io 0.7.1",
+ "futures",
+ "heapless 0.9.3",
+ "static_cell",
+ "trouble-host-macros",
+ "zerocopy",
+]
+
+[[package]]
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+dependencies = [
+ "convert_case",
+ "darling",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.119",
+ "uuid",
+]
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+ "once_cell",
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+ "wasm-bindgen-shared",
+]
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+[[package]]
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+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.119",
+ "wasm-bindgen-shared",
+]
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+ "windows-sys",
+]
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+
+[[package]]
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+checksum = "7781fa89eaf60850ac3d2da7af8e5242a5ea78d1a11c49bf2910bb5a73853eb5"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-link",
+]
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+[[package]]
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+checksum = "ae137229bcbd6cdf0f7b80a31df61766145077ddf49416a728b02cb3921ff3fc"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-link",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy"
+version = "0.8.56"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "556764e583adb45a9f8d413c2a147fa7e8d821e48e12b14fd560b607998b75eb"
+dependencies = [
+ "zerocopy-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy-derive"
+version = "0.8.56"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f2ab42fc20575779bd240faa45f94a74256f755c0fa9e89f0ede20d91d0cdfc1"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.119",
+]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e8c0ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+[package]
+name = "rgb-keypad"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+resolver = "2"
+
+[dependencies]
+embassy-executor = { version = "0.10", default-features = false, features = ["platform-cortex-m", "executor-thread", "defmt", "executor-interrupt"] }
+embassy-time = { version = "0.5", default-features = false, features = ["defmt", "defmt-timestamp-uptime"] }
+embassy-rp = { version = "0.10", features = ["defmt", "unstable-pac", "time-driver", "critical-section-impl", "rp2040"] }
+embassy-sync = { version = "0.8", features = ["defmt"] }
+embassy-futures = "0.1.2"
+embassy-usb = { version = "0.6", default-features = false, features = ["defmt"] }
+embassy-usb-logger = { version = "0.6", default-features = false }
+log = "0.4"
+
+# BLE: cyw43 (CYW43439 BT controller on Pico W) + trouble (BLE host / GATT).
+# trouble-host 0.8.0 is unreleased on crates.io, so we pull it from git; it must
+# match the bt-hci version used by cyw43, hence the embassy/cyw43 git patch
+# below pins everything to a known-compatible revision (the same one the
+# upstream rp-pico-w example uses).
+trouble-host = { git = "https://github.com/embassy-rs/trouble", rev = "4eea72088fdbb91326a3ac95160b3154fdff802a", features = ["derive", "gatt", "defmt", "default-packet-pool-mtu-128"] }
+cyw43 = { version = "0.7", features = ["defmt", "firmware-logs", "bluetooth"] }
+cyw43-pio = { version = "0.10", features = ["defmt"] }
+
+defmt = "1.0"
+defmt-rtt = "1.0"
+panic-probe = { version = "1.0", features = ["print-defmt"] }
+
+cortex-m = { version = "0.7.6" }
+cortex-m-rt = "0.7.0"
+static_cell = "2"
+portable-atomic = { version = "1.5", features = ["critical-section"] }
+heapless = "0.8"
+
+embedded-hal-async = "1.0"
+
+[profile.release]
+debug = 2
+opt-level = "s"
+
+# Pin the embassy + cyw43 crates to the same git revision the upstream
+# rp-pico-w Bluetooth example validates, so cyw43's bt-hci and trouble's
+# bt-hci unify on one version (released crates pull incompatible bt-hci majors).
+[patch.crates-io]
+cyw43 = { git = "https://github.com/embassy-rs/embassy.git", rev = "3cd51e6d8eb6aff8b0d64d9e56a75a538bcfc65a" }
+cyw43-pio = { git = "https://github.com/embassy-rs/embassy.git", rev = "3cd51e6d8eb6aff8b0d64d9e56a75a538bcfc65a" }
+embassy-rp = { git = "https://github.com/embassy-rs/embassy.git", rev = "3cd51e6d8eb6aff8b0d64d9e56a75a538bcfc65a" }
+embassy-sync = { git = "https://github.com/embassy-rs/embassy.git", rev = "3cd51e6d8eb6aff8b0d64d9e56a75a538bcfc65a" }
+embassy-executor = { git = "https://github.com/embassy-rs/embassy.git", rev = "3cd51e6d8eb6aff8b0d64d9e56a75a538bcfc65a" }
+embassy-time = { git = "https://github.com/embassy-rs/embassy.git", rev = "3cd51e6d8eb6aff8b0d64d9e56a75a538bcfc65a" }
+embassy-usb = { git = "https://github.com/embassy-rs/embassy.git", rev = "3cd51e6d8eb6aff8b0d64d9e56a75a538bcfc65a" }
+embassy-usb-driver = { git = "https://github.com/embassy-rs/embassy.git", rev = "3cd51e6d8eb6aff8b0d64d9e56a75a538bcfc65a" }
+embassy-usb-logger = { git = "https://github.com/embassy-rs/embassy.git", rev = "3cd51e6d8eb6aff8b0d64d9e56a75a538bcfc65a" }
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea28dba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,652 @@
+                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
+
+ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <https://fsf.org>
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+ of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+                            Preamble
+
+  The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
+software and other kinds of works.
+
+  The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
+to take away your freedom to share and change the works.  By contrast,
+the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to
+share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free
+software for all its users.  We, the Free Software Foundation, use the
+GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to
+any other work released this way by its authors.  You can apply it to
+your programs, too.
+
+  When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
+price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
+have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
+them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
+want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
+free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
+
+  To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you
+these rights or asking you to surrender the rights.  Therefore, you have
+certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if
+you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
+
+  For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
+gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same
+freedoms that you received.  You must make sure that they, too, receive
+or can get the source code.  And you must show them these terms so they
+know their rights.
+
+  Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
+(1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License
+giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.
+
+  For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains
+that there is no warranty for this free software.  For both users' and
+authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as
+changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to
+authors of previous versions.
+
+  Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run
+modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer
+can do so.  This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of
+protecting users' freedom to change the software.  The systematic
+pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to
+use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable.  Therefore, we
+have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those
+products.  If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we
+stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions
+of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.
+
+  Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents.
+States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of
+software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to
+avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could
+make it effectively proprietary.  To prevent this, the GPL assures that
+patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.
+
+  The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
+modification follow.
+
+                       TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+  0. Definitions.
+
+  "This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.
+
+  "Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of
+works, such as semiconductor masks.
+
+  "The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this
+License.  Each licensee is addressed as "you".  "Licensees" and
+"recipients" may be individuals or organizations.
+
+  To "modify" a work means to copy from or adapt all or part of the work
+in a fashion requiring copyright permission, other than the making of an
+exact copy.  The resulting work is called a "modified version" of the
+earlier work or a work "based on" the earlier work.
+
+  A "covered work" means either the unmodified Program or a work based on
+the Program.
+
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diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e18eef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# pico-pi-midi (Rust)
+
+BLE-MIDI keypad firmware for the Raspberry Pi Pico W (RP2040 + CYW43439), written in Rust using [embassy](https://embassy.dev), the [cyw43](https://crates.io/crates/cyw43) driver (Bluetooth), and the [TrouBLE](https://github.com/embassy-rs/trouble) BLE host.
+
+This is the Rust port of the original C/BTstack firmware (now kept separately as `pico-pi-midi-c`). It talks BLE-MIDI 1.0 to iOS / macOS Core MIDI, turning the Pimoroni Pico RGB Keypad into a 16-pad wireless MIDI controller.
+
+## What it does
+
+- **16-pad keypad** (Pimoroni RGB Keypad Base): reads buttons over I²C (GPIO expander @ 0x20) and drives APA102 RGB LEDs over SPI (CS=17, SCK=18, MOSI=19).
+- **BLE-MIDI 1.0** GATT server (MIDI Service `03B80E5A-…`), advertised so Core MIDI discovers it as a MIDI device. Pad presses → Note On/Off over Bluetooth; incoming Note On lights the pad.
+- **Octave display**: the BOOTSEL button cycles the keypad's note offset by +12 and flashes the active octave as a digit on the 4×4 grid for 500 ms.
+- **Onboard LED** heartbeat (driven via the CYW43 chip — the Pico W's LED is on the wireless chip, not an RP2040 pin).
+- **USB serial logging** via `embassy-usb-logger` — connect and read with `screen /dev/cu.usbmodem* 115200` to see boot/advertising logs.
+
+## Roadmap
+
+This is v1: a BLE-MIDI keypad. The goal is a **flexible MIDI router** — MIDI over USB, BLE, keypad, TRS, and 4 stereo CV outputs, with channels configurable at runtime via an LCD. See the architecture notes (kept in the session memory) for the plan.
+
+## Building
+
+Requires Rust stable (≥1.93) and the `thumbv6m-none-eabi` target:
+
+```sh
+rustup target add thumbv6m-none-eabi
+cargo build --release
+```
+
+The CYW43 firmware blobs (`cyw43-firmware/*.bin`) are committed here so no network access is needed at build time. They are redistributable under the permissive binary license in the upstream [`embassy cyw43-firmware`](https://github.com/embassy-rs/embassy/tree/main/cyw43-firmware) directory.
+
+## Flashing
+
+```sh
+cargo build --release
+elf2uf2-rs convert target/thumbv6m-none-eabi/release/rgb-keypad target/uf2/rgb-keypad.uf2
+# hold BOOTSEL + plug in the Pico W, then:
+picotool load target/uf2/rgb-keypad.uf2 -x
+```
+
+## License
+
+GPL-3.0-or-later (see [`LICENSE`](LICENSE)).
+
+`src/codec.rs` is a Rust port of the BLE-MIDI 1.0 packet codec from
+[rppicomidi/pico-w-ble-midi-lib](https://github.com/rppicomidi/pico-w-ble-midi-lib),
+which is MIT-licensed; that attribution is retained in the file header. MIT is
+GPL-3.0-compatible, so the repository as a whole is GPL-3.0-or-later while that
+file preserves its MIT provenance.
diff --git a/build.rs b/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1cb5fc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//! Build script: place memory.x on the linker search path and set up the
+//! RP2040 + defmt linker scripts. The CYW43 firmware blobs are committed
+//! under `cyw43-firmware/` (no network access needed at build time).
+
+use std::env;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::Write;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+fn main() {
+    let out = &PathBuf::from(env::var_os("OUT_DIR").unwrap());
+    File::create(out.join("memory.x"))
+        .unwrap()
+        .write_all(include_bytes!("memory.x"))
+        .unwrap();
+    println!("cargo::rustc-link-search={}", out.display());
+
+    println!("cargo::rerun-if-changed=memory.x");
+
+    println!("cargo::rustc-link-arg-bins=--nmagic");
+    println!("cargo::rustc-link-arg-bins=-Tlink.x");
+    println!("cargo::rustc-link-arg-bins=-Tlink-rp.x");
+    println!("cargo::rustc-link-arg-bins=-Tdefmt.x");
+}
diff --git a/cyw43-firmware/43439A0.bin b/cyw43-firmware/43439A0.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a05482f
Binary files /dev/null and b/cyw43-firmware/43439A0.bin differ
diff --git a/cyw43-firmware/43439A0_btfw.bin b/cyw43-firmware/43439A0_btfw.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..290ce8e
Binary files /dev/null and b/cyw43-firmware/43439A0_btfw.bin differ
diff --git a/cyw43-firmware/43439A0_clm.bin b/cyw43-firmware/43439A0_clm.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc4ee02
Binary files /dev/null and b/cyw43-firmware/43439A0_clm.bin differ
diff --git a/cyw43-firmware/nvram_rp2040.bin b/cyw43-firmware/nvram_rp2040.bin
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a24de5
Binary files /dev/null and b/cyw43-firmware/nvram_rp2040.bin differ
diff --git a/memory.x b/memory.x
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d065b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/memory.x
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+MEMORY {
+    BOOT2 : ORIGIN = 0x10000000, LENGTH = 0x100
+    FLASH : ORIGIN = 0x10000100, LENGTH = 2048K - 0x100
+
+    /* RP2040: 264K RAM (6K stripe + 256K main, used as one block) */
+    RAM   : ORIGIN = 0x20000000, LENGTH = 264K
+}
diff --git a/rust-toolchain.toml b/rust-toolchain.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eaf13e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust-toolchain.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[toolchain]
+channel = "stable"
+targets = ["thumbv6m-none-eabi"]
diff --git a/src/codec.rs b/src/codec.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a93909d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/codec.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,719 @@
+//! BLE-MIDI 1.0 packet codec — faithful Rust port of `ble_midi_pkt_codec.c`
+//! (rppicomidi, MIT). Encodes a MIDI 1.0 byte stream into BLE-MIDI packets and
+//! decodes BLE-MIDI packets back into timestamped MIDI messages, with full
+//! support for system-exclusive, running-status, and system real-time.
+//!
+//! Pure `no_std` logic (no allocator, no HAL/BLE deps) so it is independent of
+//! the rest of the firmware and could be unit-tested on host.
+//!
+//! Spec: https://midi.org/specifications/midi-transports-specifications/midi-over-bluetooth-low-energy-ble-midi
+//!
+//! ---
+//!
+//! This file is a Rust port of MIT-licensed code by rppicomidi
+//! (https://github.com/rppicomidi/pico-w-ble-midi-lib). The original MIT
+//! notice and permission are retained below per its terms. The port is
+//! contributed to this project under GPL-3.0-or-later (see the repository
+//! LICENSE); MIT is GPL-3.0-compatible so both apply here.
+//!
+//! Original MIT license — Copyright (c) 2023 rppicomidi
+//!
+//! Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+//! of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+//! in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+//! to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+//! copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+//! furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+//!
+//! The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+//! all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//!
+//! THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+//! IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+//! FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+//! AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+//! LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+//! OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+//! THE SOFTWARE.
+//!
+//! SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+
+#![allow(clippy::needless_range_loop)]
+
+/// Max BLE-MIDI packet payload. Without LE Data Length Extension the ATT default
+/// MTU is 23, giving a 20-byte MIDI payload (MTU - 3 ATT header).
+pub const MAX_BLE_MIDI_PACKET: usize = 20;
+
+// Flag bits stored in the upper bits of `BleMidiMessage::nbytes`.
+const IS_START_SYSEX: u8 = 0x80;
+const IS_SYSEX: u8 = 0x20;
+const IS_REAL_TIME: u8 = 0x10;
+const IS_CHANNEL: u8 = 0x08;
+const NBYTES_MASK: u8 = 0x03;
+
+const fn header(ts: u16) -> u8 {
+    0x80 | ((ts >> 7) & 0x3F) as u8
+}
+const fn timestamp_low(ts: u16) -> u8 {
+    0x80 | (ts & 0x7F) as u8
+}
+
+/// A timestamped fragment of a MIDI message (the decode output unit).
+///
+/// The upper bits of `nbytes` encode what kind of message is in `msg_bytes`;
+/// the low 2 bits hold the number of valid bytes.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct BleMidiMessage {
+    pub nbytes: u8,
+    pub msg_bytes: [u8; 3],
+    pub timestamp_ms: u16,
+}
+
+impl BleMidiMessage {
+    /// Number of valid bytes in `msg_bytes`.
+    pub fn byte_count(&self) -> u8 {
+        self.nbytes & NBYTES_MASK
+    }
+}
+
+/// A BLE-MIDI 1.0 data packet (the encode output / notify payload).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct BleMidiPacket {
+    /// Number of valid bytes in `pkt`.
+    pub nbytes: usize,
+    pub pkt: [u8; MAX_BLE_MIDI_PACKET],
+}
+
+impl Default for BleMidiPacket {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            nbytes: 0,
+            pkt: [0; MAX_BLE_MIDI_PACKET],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Single-producer/single-consumer ring of fixed-size `Copy` elements.
+struct Ring<T: Copy + Default, const N: usize> {
+    buf: [T; N],
+    head: usize,
+    tail: usize,
+    len: usize,
+}
+
+impl<T: Copy + Default, const N: usize> Ring<T, N> {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            buf: core::array::from_fn(|_| T::default()),
+            head: 0,
+            tail: 0,
+            len: 0,
+        }
+    }
+    fn push(&mut self, v: T) -> bool {
+        if self.len < N {
+            self.buf[self.tail] = v;
+            self.tail = (self.tail + 1) % N;
+            self.len += 1;
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+    fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
+        if self.len > 0 {
+            let v = self.buf[self.head];
+            self.head = (self.head + 1) % N;
+            self.len -= 1;
+            Some(v)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.len
+    }
+}
+
+/// Encoder state for one connection (mirrors `to_ble_midi_stream_t`).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default)]
+struct ToBleStream {
+    mes: BleMidiMessage,
+    next_msg_byte_idx: u16,
+    previous_timestamp: u16,
+    running_status: u8,
+    npending_rt: u8,
+    pending_rt_status: [u8; 4],
+    pending_rt_timestamp: [u16; 4],
+    pending_ble_pkt: BleMidiPacket,
+    pending_ble_midi_pkt_running_status: u8,
+    pending_ble_midi_pkt_prev_status: u8,
+}
+
+/// Per-connection BLE-MIDI codec context.
+pub struct Codec {
+    to_ble: Ring<BleMidiPacket, 10>,
+    from_ble: Ring<BleMidiMessage, 100>,
+    stream: ToBleStream,
+    ble_mtu: usize,
+}
+
+impl Codec {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let mut c = Self {
+            to_ble: Ring::new(),
+            from_ble: Ring::new(),
+            stream: ToBleStream::default(),
+            ble_mtu: MAX_BLE_MIDI_PACKET,
+        };
+        c.reset_stream();
+        c
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_mtu(&mut self, ble_mtu: usize) {
+        self.ble_mtu = ble_mtu;
+    }
+
+    /// Update MTU, capped at the packet buffer size (matches the C `update_mtu`
+    /// which does `MIN(ble_mtu, sizeof(pending_ble_pkt.pkt))`).
+    pub fn update_mtu(&mut self, ble_mtu: usize) {
+        self.ble_mtu = core::cmp::min(ble_mtu, MAX_BLE_MIDI_PACKET);
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_mtu(&self) -> usize {
+        self.ble_mtu
+    }
+
+    fn reset_stream(&mut self) {
+        let s = &mut self.stream;
+        s.next_msg_byte_idx = 0;
+        s.previous_timestamp = 0xffff; // illegal sentinel
+        s.running_status = 0;
+        s.mes.nbytes = 0;
+        s.mes.timestamp_ms = 0xffff;
+        s.npending_rt = 0;
+        s.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes = 0;
+        s.pending_ble_midi_pkt_running_status = 0;
+        s.pending_ble_midi_pkt_prev_status = 0;
+    }
+
+    // ---- encode (MIDI stream -> BLE-MIDI packets) --------------------------
+
+    /// Push a MIDI 1.0 byte stream to be encoded. Returns `(bytes_pushed,
+    /// ready_to_send)` where `ready_to_send` is true if at least one complete
+    /// BLE-MIDI packet is available to pop and notify.
+    pub fn push_midi(&mut self, midi_stream: &[u8], now_ms: u16) -> (u16, bool) {
+        let timestamp = now_ms & 0x1FFF;
+        let mut bytes_pushed: u16 = 0;
+        let mut ready_to_send = false;
+
+        let s = &mut self.stream;
+        let to_ble = &mut self.to_ble;
+        let ble_mtu = self.ble_mtu;
+
+        while (bytes_pushed as usize) < midi_stream.len() && s.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes < ble_mtu {
+            let ms_byte = midi_stream[bytes_pushed as usize];
+
+            if ms_byte & 0x80 != 0 {
+                // ---- status byte ----
+                if ms_byte == 0xF0 {
+                    s.previous_timestamp = timestamp;
+                    s.mes.nbytes = IS_START_SYSEX | IS_SYSEX | 1;
+                    bytes_pushed += 1;
+                    s.running_status = 0;
+                    s.mes.msg_bytes[0] = ms_byte;
+                    s.next_msg_byte_idx = 1;
+                } else if ms_byte == 0xF7 {
+                    if s.mes.nbytes & IS_SYSEX == 0 {
+                        // EOX without being in a sysex — stream error
+                        discard_stream(s);
+                        return (bytes_pushed, ready_to_send);
+                    }
+                    if s.next_msg_byte_idx != 0 {
+                        encode_bt_pkt(s, to_ble, ble_mtu);
+                    }
+                    s.mes.timestamp_ms = s.previous_timestamp;
+                    s.mes.msg_bytes[0] = ms_byte;
+                    s.mes.nbytes = 1;
+                    bytes_pushed += 1;
+                    encode_full_bt_pkt(s, to_ble, ble_mtu);
+                    s.running_status = 0;
+                } else if ms_byte >= 0xF8 {
+                    // system real-time (may occur inside sysex)
+                    if s.mes.nbytes & IS_SYSEX != 0 && (s.mes.nbytes & NBYTES_MASK) > 0 {
+                        encode_bt_pkt(s, to_ble, ble_mtu);
+                        s.next_msg_byte_idx = 0;
+                        s.mes.nbytes = IS_SYSEX;
+                    }
+                    if s.npending_rt < s.pending_rt_status.len() as u8 {
+                        let i = s.npending_rt as usize;
+                        s.pending_rt_status[i] = ms_byte;
+                        s.pending_rt_timestamp[i] = timestamp;
+                        s.npending_rt += 1;
+                    }
+                    bytes_pushed += 1;
+                    if s.npending_rt >= s.pending_rt_status.len() as u8 {
+                        discard_stream(s);
+                        return (bytes_pushed, ready_to_send);
+                    }
+                    flush_rt_midi_to_pkt(s, to_ble, ble_mtu);
+                } else if ms_byte > 0xF0 {
+                    // system common
+                    s.mes.msg_bytes[0] = ms_byte;
+                    s.previous_timestamp = timestamp;
+                    s.mes.timestamp_ms = timestamp;
+                    bytes_pushed += 1;
+                    s.running_status = 0;
+                    if ms_byte == 0xF1 || ms_byte == 0xF3 {
+                        s.mes.nbytes = 2;
+                        s.next_msg_byte_idx = 1;
+                    } else if ms_byte == 0xF2 {
+                        s.mes.nbytes = 3;
+                        s.next_msg_byte_idx = 1;
+                    } else {
+                        s.mes.nbytes = 1;
+                        encode_full_bt_pkt(s, to_ble, ble_mtu);
+                        s.mes.nbytes = 0;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // channel message
+                    s.running_status = ms_byte;
+                    s.mes.msg_bytes[0] = ms_byte;
+                    s.previous_timestamp = timestamp;
+                    s.mes.timestamp_ms = timestamp;
+                    bytes_pushed += 1;
+                    s.next_msg_byte_idx = 1;
+                    s.mes.nbytes = IS_CHANNEL | 3;
+                    let chan_msg_base = (ms_byte >> 4) & 0xF;
+                    if chan_msg_base == 0xC || chan_msg_base == 0xD {
+                        s.mes.nbytes = IS_CHANNEL | 2;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                // ---- data byte ----
+                if s.mes.nbytes & IS_SYSEX != 0 {
+                    s.mes.msg_bytes[s.next_msg_byte_idx as usize] = ms_byte;
+                    s.next_msg_byte_idx += 1;
+                    s.mes.nbytes += 1;
+                    bytes_pushed += 1;
+                    if s.next_msg_byte_idx >= 3 {
+                        encode_full_bt_pkt(s, to_ble, ble_mtu);
+                        s.mes.timestamp_ms = s.previous_timestamp;
+                        s.mes.nbytes = IS_SYSEX; // length 0, still in sysex
+                    }
+                } else if s.mes.nbytes & IS_CHANNEL != 0 && s.next_msg_byte_idx == 0 {
+                    if s.running_status == 0 || s.running_status != s.mes.msg_bytes[0] {
+                        discard_stream(s);
+                        return (bytes_pushed, ready_to_send);
+                    } else {
+                        s.mes.msg_bytes[1] = ms_byte;
+                        s.mes.timestamp_ms = timestamp;
+                        bytes_pushed += 1;
+                        s.next_msg_byte_idx = 2;
+                        if (s.mes.nbytes & NBYTES_MASK) as u16 == s.next_msg_byte_idx {
+                            encode_full_bt_pkt(s, to_ble, ble_mtu);
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    let len = s.mes.nbytes & NBYTES_MASK;
+                    if (s.next_msg_byte_idx as u8) < len {
+                        s.mes.msg_bytes[s.next_msg_byte_idx as usize] = ms_byte;
+                        s.next_msg_byte_idx += 1;
+                        bytes_pushed += 1;
+                        if len == s.next_msg_byte_idx as u8 {
+                            encode_full_bt_pkt(s, to_ble, ble_mtu);
+                            if s.mes.nbytes & IS_CHANNEL == 0 {
+                                s.mes.nbytes = 0;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        discard_stream(s);
+                        return (bytes_pushed, ready_to_send);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if bytes_pushed > 0 && self.stream.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes > 0 {
+            self.to_ble.push(self.stream.pending_ble_pkt);
+            self.stream.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes = 0;
+            self.stream.pending_ble_midi_pkt_running_status = 0;
+            self.stream.pending_ble_midi_pkt_prev_status = 0;
+            ready_to_send = true;
+        }
+        (bytes_pushed, ready_to_send)
+    }
+
+    /// Pop the next encoded BLE-MIDI packet to send (notify).
+    pub fn ble_pkt_pop(&mut self) -> Option<BleMidiPacket> {
+        self.to_ble.pop()
+    }
+
+    /// True if at least one encoded packet is available to send.
+    pub fn ble_pkt_available(&self) -> bool {
+        self.to_ble.len() > 0
+    }
+
+    // ---- decode (BLE-MIDI packet -> timestamped MIDI messages) ------------
+
+    /// Decode a BLE-MIDI packet, pushing each resulting timestamped message to
+    /// the from-BLE ring. Returns the number of packet bytes consumed.
+    pub fn decode_push(&mut self, pkt: &[u8]) -> usize {
+        let nbytes = pkt.len();
+        if nbytes < 2 {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        // header byte must be present
+        if (pkt[0] & 0xc0) != 0x80 {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        let mut timestamp: u16 = ((pkt[0] & 0x3f) as u16) << 7;
+        let mut prev_lsb: u8 = 0;
+        let mut ndecoded: usize = 1;
+        let mut running_status: u8 = 0;
+        let mut running_status_nbytes: u8 = 0;
+        let mut mes: BleMidiMessage = BleMidiMessage::default();
+
+        // sysex continuation data at the start of the packet?
+        if (pkt[ndecoded] & 0x80) == 0 {
+            mes.nbytes = IS_SYSEX;
+            if !decode_sysex_data(pkt, &mut mes, &mut self.from_ble, &mut ndecoded, 0) {
+                return ndecoded;
+            }
+        }
+
+        while ndecoded < nbytes {
+            if ndecoded + 1 < nbytes {
+                if pkt[ndecoded] & 0x80 != 0 && pkt[ndecoded + 1] & 0x80 != 0 {
+                    // timestamp + status byte (or rt inside sysex, or EOX)
+                    if mes.nbytes & IS_SYSEX == 0 {
+                        // not in sysex: timestamp + status
+                        mes.timestamp_ms = timestamp_decode(&mut timestamp, pkt[ndecoded], &mut prev_lsb);
+                        ndecoded += 1;
+                        mes.msg_bytes[0] = pkt[ndecoded];
+                        ndecoded += 1;
+                        if mes.msg_bytes[0] >= 0xF8 {
+                            // real-time
+                            mes.nbytes = IS_REAL_TIME + 1;
+                            if !from_ble_push(&mut self.from_ble, &mes) {
+                                return ndecoded;
+                            }
+                        } else if mes.msg_bytes[0] > 0xF0 && mes.msg_bytes[0] <= 0xF7 {
+                            // system common
+                            if mes.msg_bytes[0] == 0xF1 || mes.msg_bytes[0] == 0xF3 {
+                                mes.nbytes = 2;
+                            } else if mes.msg_bytes[0] == 0xF2 {
+                                mes.nbytes = 3;
+                            } else {
+                                mes.nbytes = 1;
+                            }
+                            if ndecoded + (mes.nbytes as usize) - 1 <= nbytes {
+                                for idx in 1..mes.nbytes as usize {
+                                    mes.msg_bytes[idx] = pkt[ndecoded];
+                                    ndecoded += 1;
+                                }
+                                if !from_ble_push(&mut self.from_ble, &mes) {
+                                    ndecoded -= 1;
+                                    return ndecoded;
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                return ndecoded;
+                            }
+                        } else if mes.msg_bytes[0] < 0xF0 {
+                            // channel message
+                            running_status = mes.msg_bytes[0];
+                            let stat = (mes.msg_bytes[0] >> 4) & 0xF;
+                            if stat == 0xC || stat == 0xD {
+                                mes.nbytes = 2;
+                                running_status_nbytes = 2;
+                            } else {
+                                running_status_nbytes = 3;
+                            }
+                            if (running_status_nbytes as usize) + ndecoded - 1 <= nbytes {
+                                for idx in 1..running_status_nbytes as usize {
+                                    mes.msg_bytes[idx] = pkt[ndecoded];
+                                    ndecoded += 1;
+                                }
+                                mes.nbytes = running_status_nbytes | IS_CHANNEL;
+                                if !from_ble_push(&mut self.from_ble, &mes) {
+                                    ndecoded -= 1;
+                                    return ndecoded;
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                // not enough data; leave for next? C returns.
+                                return ndecoded;
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            // 0xF0: start of sysex
+                            mes.nbytes = IS_SYSEX + 1;
+                            if !decode_sysex_data(pkt, &mut mes, &mut self.from_ble, &mut ndecoded, 1) {
+                                return ndecoded;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } else if pkt[ndecoded + 1] >= 0xF8 {
+                        // real-time timestamp+status within a sysex
+                        let bytecount = mes.nbytes & NBYTES_MASK;
+                        if bytecount > 0 {
+                            if !from_ble_push(&mut self.from_ble, &mes) {
+                                ndecoded -= bytecount as usize;
+                                return ndecoded;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        let mut mes_rt = BleMidiMessage::default();
+                        mes_rt.nbytes = IS_REAL_TIME + 1;
+                        mes_rt.timestamp_ms = timestamp_decode(&mut timestamp, pkt[ndecoded], &mut prev_lsb);
+                        ndecoded += 1;
+                        mes_rt.msg_bytes[0] = pkt[ndecoded];
+                        ndecoded += 1;
+                        if !from_ble_push(&mut self.from_ble, &mes_rt) {
+                            ndecoded -= 2;
+                            return ndecoded;
+                        }
+                        // continue parsing sysex data after the rt interleave
+                        mes.nbytes = IS_SYSEX;
+                        let mut idx: u8 = 0;
+                        while ndecoded < nbytes && (pkt[ndecoded] & 0x80) == 0 {
+                            mes.msg_bytes[idx as usize] = pkt[ndecoded];
+                            ndecoded += 1;
+                            mes.nbytes += 1;
+                            idx += 1;
+                            if idx == 3 {
+                                if !from_ble_push(&mut self.from_ble, &mes) {
+                                    ndecoded -= 3;
+                                    return ndecoded;
+                                }
+                                idx = 0;
+                                mes.nbytes = IS_SYSEX;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        let bytecount = mes.nbytes & NBYTES_MASK;
+                        if bytecount > 0 {
+                            if !from_ble_push(&mut self.from_ble, &mes) {
+                                ndecoded -= bytecount as usize;
+                                return ndecoded;
+                            }
+                            mes.nbytes = IS_SYSEX;
+                        }
+                    } else if pkt[ndecoded + 1] == 0xF7 {
+                        // sysex ending: flush pending data; EOX handled next iter
+                        let bytecount = mes.nbytes & NBYTES_MASK;
+                        if bytecount > 0 {
+                            if !from_ble_push(&mut self.from_ble, &mes) {
+                                ndecoded -= bytecount as usize;
+                                return ndecoded;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        mes.nbytes = 0; // clear is_sysex flag
+                    }
+                    // else: timestamp+status where status is not handled — fall through
+                } else if pkt[ndecoded] & 0x80 != 0 && pkt[ndecoded + 1] & 0x80 == 0 {
+                    // running-status channel message: timestamp + data byte(s)
+                    if running_status != 0 && ndecoded + running_status_nbytes as usize <= nbytes {
+                        mes.timestamp_ms = timestamp_decode(&mut timestamp, pkt[ndecoded], &mut prev_lsb);
+                        ndecoded += 1;
+                        mes.msg_bytes[0] = running_status;
+                        mes.nbytes = running_status_nbytes | IS_CHANNEL;
+                        for idx in 1..running_status_nbytes as usize {
+                            mes.msg_bytes[idx] = pkt[ndecoded];
+                            ndecoded += 1;
+                        }
+                        if !from_ble_push(&mut self.from_ble, &mes) {
+                            ndecoded -= running_status_nbytes as usize;
+                            return ndecoded;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        return ndecoded;
+                    }
+                } else if pkt[ndecoded] & 0x80 == 0 && pkt[ndecoded + 1] & 0x80 == 0 {
+                    // running status same as previous, same timestamp, new data
+                    if running_status == mes.msg_bytes[0]
+                        && mes.nbytes & IS_CHANNEL != 0
+                        && ndecoded + running_status_nbytes as usize - 1 <= nbytes
+                    {
+                        for idx in 1..running_status_nbytes as usize {
+                            mes.msg_bytes[idx] = pkt[ndecoded];
+                            ndecoded += 1;
+                        }
+                        if !from_ble_push(&mut self.from_ble, &mes) {
+                            ndecoded -= (running_status_nbytes as usize) - 1;
+                            return ndecoded;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        return ndecoded;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                // only one byte left and not a timestamp+status pair — stop
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        ndecoded
+    }
+
+    /// Pop the next decoded timestamped MIDI message.
+    pub fn pop_midi(&mut self) -> Option<BleMidiMessage> {
+        self.from_ble.pop()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Codec {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+// ---- free encode helpers (take stream + ring + mtu to avoid overlapping
+//      borrows of `self`) ----------------------------------------------------
+
+fn discard_stream(s: &mut ToBleStream) {
+    s.next_msg_byte_idx = 0;
+    s.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes = 0;
+    s.previous_timestamp = 0xffff;
+    s.running_status = 0;
+    s.mes.nbytes = 0;
+    s.mes.timestamp_ms = 0xffff;
+    s.npending_rt = 0;
+}
+
+fn add_header_if_needed(pkt: &mut BleMidiPacket, timestamp: u16) {
+    if pkt.nbytes == 0 {
+        pkt.pkt[pkt.nbytes] = header(timestamp);
+        pkt.nbytes += 1;
+    }
+}
+
+fn flush_rt_midi_to_pkt(s: &mut ToBleStream, to_ble: &mut Ring<BleMidiPacket, 10>, ble_mtu: usize) {
+    for idx in 0..s.npending_rt as usize {
+        // make room for a 2-byte (timestamp + status) real-time entry
+        if s.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes + 2 >= ble_mtu {
+            to_ble.push(s.pending_ble_pkt);
+            s.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes = 0;
+            s.pending_ble_midi_pkt_running_status = 0;
+            s.pending_ble_midi_pkt_prev_status = 0;
+        }
+        if s.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes == 0 {
+            s.pending_ble_pkt.pkt[s.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes] = header(s.pending_rt_timestamp[0]);
+            s.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes += 1;
+        }
+        s.pending_ble_pkt.pkt[s.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes] = timestamp_low(s.pending_rt_timestamp[idx]);
+        s.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes += 1;
+        s.pending_ble_pkt.pkt[s.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes] = s.pending_rt_status[idx];
+        s.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes += 1;
+        s.pending_ble_midi_pkt_prev_status = s.pending_rt_status[idx];
+    }
+    s.npending_rt = 0;
+}
+
+fn encode_bt_pkt(s: &mut ToBleStream, to_ble: &mut Ring<BleMidiPacket, 10>, ble_mtu: usize) {
+    let nbytes = s.mes.nbytes & NBYTES_MASK;
+    if nbytes == 0 {
+        return;
+    }
+    if s.mes.nbytes & IS_REAL_TIME != IS_REAL_TIME {
+        flush_rt_midi_to_pkt(s, to_ble, ble_mtu);
+    }
+
+    // channel messages may omit the status byte if running status matches
+    let requires_byte0 = (s.mes.nbytes & IS_CHANNEL != IS_CHANNEL)
+        || (s.pending_ble_midi_pkt_running_status != s.mes.msg_bytes[0]);
+
+    // most messages need a timestamp prefix
+    let mut needs_timestamp = (s.mes.nbytes & (IS_SYSEX | IS_START_SYSEX) != IS_SYSEX)
+        && (requires_byte0 || s.previous_timestamp != s.mes.timestamp_ms);
+    if !needs_timestamp
+        && s.mes.nbytes & IS_CHANNEL == IS_CHANNEL
+        && s.pending_ble_midi_pkt_prev_status != s.pending_ble_midi_pkt_running_status
+    {
+        needs_timestamp = true;
+    }
+
+    let first_byte_idx: u8 = if requires_byte0 { 0 } else { 1 };
+    let total_bytes = nbytes as usize + (if needs_timestamp { 1 } else { 0 }) - first_byte_idx as usize;
+
+    if s.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes + total_bytes >= ble_mtu {
+        to_ble.push(s.pending_ble_pkt);
+        s.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes = 0;
+        s.pending_ble_midi_pkt_running_status = 0;
+        s.pending_ble_midi_pkt_prev_status = 0;
+        needs_timestamp = true;
+        // requires_byte0 is set true in the C here but only used above; keep
+        // first_byte_idx consistent by re-evaluating would change total_bytes.
+        // The C sets requires_byte0=true after the flush but does not recompute
+        // first_byte_idx/total_bytes, so neither do we.
+    }
+
+    if s.mes.nbytes & IS_CHANNEL != 0 {
+        s.pending_ble_midi_pkt_running_status = s.mes.msg_bytes[0];
+    }
+    if s.mes.msg_bytes[0] & 0x80 != 0 {
+        s.pending_ble_midi_pkt_prev_status = s.mes.msg_bytes[0];
+    }
+
+    add_header_if_needed(&mut s.pending_ble_pkt, s.mes.timestamp_ms);
+    if needs_timestamp {
+        s.pending_ble_pkt.pkt[s.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes] = timestamp_low(s.mes.timestamp_ms);
+        s.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes += 1;
+    }
+    for idx in first_byte_idx as usize..nbytes as usize {
+        s.pending_ble_pkt.pkt[s.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes] = s.mes.msg_bytes[idx];
+        s.pending_ble_pkt.nbytes += 1;
+    }
+}
+
+fn encode_full_bt_pkt(s: &mut ToBleStream, to_ble: &mut Ring<BleMidiPacket, 10>, ble_mtu: usize) {
+    encode_bt_pkt(s, to_ble, ble_mtu);
+    s.next_msg_byte_idx = 0;
+}
+
+// ---- free decode helpers --------------------------------------------------
+
+fn from_ble_push(ring: &mut Ring<BleMidiMessage, 100>, mes: &BleMidiMessage) -> bool {
+    ring.push(*mes)
+}
+
+/// Reconstruct a 14-bit timestamp from the accumulated 13-bit MSB and a 7-bit
+/// LSB, incrementing the MSB when the LSB wraps backward.
+fn timestamp_decode(msb: &mut u16, lsb_byte: u8, prev_lsb: &mut u8) -> u16 {
+    let lsb = lsb_byte;
+    if *prev_lsb > lsb {
+        *msb += 1;
+    }
+    *prev_lsb = lsb;
+    (*msb << 7) | (lsb as u16 & 0x7F)
+}
+
+/// Decode sysex data bytes (MSB clear) starting at `start_idx` into `mes`,
+/// flushing 3-byte chunks to the ring. Returns false if the ring is full.
+fn decode_sysex_data(
+    pkt: &[u8],
+    mes: &mut BleMidiMessage,
+    ring: &mut Ring<BleMidiMessage, 100>,
+    ndecoded: &mut usize,
+    start_idx: u8,
+) -> bool {
+    let mut idx = start_idx;
+    while *ndecoded < pkt.len() && (pkt[*ndecoded] & 0x80) == 0 {
+        mes.msg_bytes[idx as usize] = pkt[*ndecoded];
+        *ndecoded += 1;
+        mes.nbytes += 1;
+        idx += 1;
+        if idx == 3 {
+            if !ring.push(*mes) {
+                *ndecoded -= 3;
+                return false;
+            }
+            idx = 0;
+            mes.nbytes = IS_SYSEX;
+        }
+    }
+    let bytecount = mes.nbytes & NBYTES_MASK;
+    if bytecount > 0 {
+        if !ring.push(*mes) {
+            *ndecoded -= bytecount as usize;
+            return false;
+        }
+        // keep tracking an unterminated sysex message
+        mes.nbytes = IS_SYSEX;
+    }
+    true
+}
diff --git a/src/keypad.rs b/src/keypad.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c86d40e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/keypad.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+//! Pimoroni Pico RGB Keypad driver — Rust port of `pico_rgb_keypad.cpp`.
+//!
+//! Copyright (C) 2026  Nils — SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+//! This file is part of pico-pi-midi. See LICENSE for the full notice.
+//!
+//! Hardware: 16 APA102-style RGB LEDs driven over SPI (CS=17, SCK=18, MOSI=19)
+//! and a 16-bit button state read over I2C from a GPIO expander at address
+//! 0x20 (SDA=4, SCL=5). Reading register 0 returns two bytes (little-endian
+//! button bitmap); the C driver inverts them so a pressed pad reads as 1.
+//!
+//! APA102 frame: 4 start bytes (0x00), then per-LED 4 bytes
+//! (0xE0|brightness, B, G, R), then a 4-byte end frame (0xFF). Total 72 bytes,
+//! matching the C buffer layout `[start(4)][led0(4)]..[led15(4)][end(4)]`.
+
+use embassy_rp::gpio::Output;
+use embassy_rp::i2c::{self, Blocking as I2cBlocking};
+use embassy_rp::spi::{self, Blocking as SpiBlocking};
+
+pub const NUM_PADS: usize = 16;
+const KEYPAD_ADDRESS: u8 = 0x20;
+
+/// 5-bit global brightness (0..=31), stored in each LED's frame header.
+/// `set_brightness(1.0)` in the C driver -> 0b11111.
+const BRIGHTNESS: u8 = 0b11111;
+
+pub struct RgbKeypad {
+    cs: Output<'static>,
+    spi: spi::Spi<'static, SpiBlocking>,
+    i2c: i2c::I2c<'static, I2cBlocking>,
+    /// APA102 frame buffer: 4 start + 16*4 LED + 4 end = 72 bytes.
+    buffer: [u8; 4 + NUM_PADS * 4 + 4],
+}
+
+impl RgbKeypad {
+    /// Build the driver from already-constructed SPI (tx-only), I2C and CS
+    /// output. The peripherals are consumed in `main` and the resulting driver
+    /// is `'static`, so it can be moved into an embassy task.
+    pub fn new(
+        cs: Output<'static>,
+        spi: spi::Spi<'static, SpiBlocking>,
+        i2c: i2c::I2c<'static, I2cBlocking>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let mut s = Self {
+            cs,
+            spi,
+            i2c,
+            buffer: [0; 4 + NUM_PADS * 4 + 4],
+        };
+
+        // APA102 start frame: 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00.
+        s.buffer[0..4].copy_from_slice(&[0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]);
+        // Per-LED brightness header (0xE0 | 5-bit brightness); RGB stays 0 (off).
+        for i in 0..NUM_PADS {
+            s.buffer[4 + i * 4] = 0xE0 | BRIGHTNESS;
+        }
+        // End frame: 0xFF 0xFF 0xFF 0xFF (>= 1 bit per 2 LEDs).
+        let end = 4 + NUM_PADS * 4;
+        s.buffer[end..end + 4].copy_from_slice(&[0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF]);
+
+        s.update();
+        s
+    }
+
+    /// Push the frame buffer to the LEDs over SPI.
+    pub fn update(&mut self) {
+        self.cs.set_low();
+        let _ = self.spi.blocking_write(&self.buffer);
+        self.cs.set_high();
+    }
+
+    /// Set an LED by linear index `i` (0..16) to `(r, g, b)`. Mirrors the C
+    /// `illuminate(i, r, g, b)`: frame byte order is brightness,B,G,R.
+    pub fn illuminate(&mut self, i: usize, r: u8, g: u8, b: u8) {
+        if i >= NUM_PADS {
+            return;
+        }
+        let off = 4 + i * 4;
+        // [0]=brightness (already set), [1]=B, [2]=G, [3]=R
+        self.buffer[off + 1] = b;
+        self.buffer[off + 2] = g;
+        self.buffer[off + 3] = r;
+    }
+
+    /// Read the 16-bit button state bitmap. Bit `i` is 1 when pad `i` is
+    /// pressed (the raw expander value is inverted, matching the C driver).
+    pub fn get_button_states(&mut self) -> u16 {
+        let mut buf = [0u8; 2];
+        // Write register 0, then read 2 bytes (repeated-start, like the C code).
+        let _ = self
+            .i2c
+            .blocking_write_read(KEYPAD_ADDRESS, &[0x00], &mut buf);
+        // C returns ~((buf[0]) | (buf[1] << 8))
+        !(u16::from(buf[0]) | (u16::from(buf[1]) << 8))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/main.rs b/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1508209
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+//! RGB MIDI Keypad — Rust port for Raspberry Pi Pico W (RP2040 + CYW43439).
+//!
+//! Copyright (C) 2026  Nils
+//!
+//! This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//! it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+//! the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//! (at your option) any later version.
+//!
+//! This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//! but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//! MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//! GNU General Public License for more details.
+//!
+//! You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+//! along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+//!
+//! SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+//!
+//! Wires the Pimoroni RGB Keypad (16 pads + APA102 LEDs) to a BLE-MIDI 1.0
+//! GATT service so pad presses send Note On/Off over Bluetooth MIDI and
+//! incoming Note messages light the pads.
+//!
+//! Concurrency:
+//! - `cyw43_task`  : drives the CYW43 controller (WiFi+BT firmware).
+//! - `led_task`    : blinks the onboard LED as a heartbeat.
+//! - `keypad_task` : polls pads, sends Note On/Off on `OUTBOUND`, lights pads
+//!                   from `INBOUND`.
+//! - main (BLE)    : runs the trouble host; advertises, accepts a connection,
+//!                   and pumps MIDI in both directions through the codec.
+
+#![no_std]
+#![no_main]
+
+use cyw43::Cyw43439;
+use cyw43_pio::PioSpi;
+use defmt::*;
+use embassy_executor::Spawner;
+use embassy_futures::join::join;
+use embassy_futures::select::{select, Either};
+use embassy_rp::gpio::{Level, Output};
+use embassy_rp::peripherals::{DMA_CH0, DMA_CH1, PIO0, USB};
+use embassy_rp::pio::{InterruptHandler, Pio};
+use embassy_rp::usb::{Driver, InterruptHandler as UsbInterruptHandler};
+use embassy_rp::{bind_interrupts, dma};
+use embassy_sync::blocking_mutex::raw::CriticalSectionRawMutex;
+use embassy_sync::channel::{Channel, Receiver, Sender};
+use embassy_time::{Instant, Timer};
+use heapless::Vec;
+use static_cell::StaticCell;
+use trouble_host::prelude::*;
+use {defmt_rtt as _, panic_probe as _};
+
+mod codec;
+mod keypad;
+mod midi_keypad;
+mod octave;
+
+use keypad::RgbKeypad;
+use midi_keypad::{MidiKeypad, MidiOut};
+
+bind_interrupts!(struct Irqs {
+    PIO0_IRQ_0 => InterruptHandler<PIO0>;
+    DMA_IRQ_0 => dma::InterruptHandler<DMA_CH0>, dma::InterruptHandler<DMA_CH1>;
+    USBCTRL_IRQ => UsbInterruptHandler<USB>;
+});
+
+#[embassy_executor::task]
+async fn logger_task(driver: Driver<'static, USB>) {
+    embassy_usb_logger::run!(1024, log::LevelFilter::Info, driver);
+}
+
+/// Max number of simultaneous BLE connections.
+const CONNECTIONS_MAX: usize = 1;
+/// Max L2CAP channels ( signalling + ATT ).
+const L2CAP_CHANNELS_MAX: usize = 2;
+
+/// Keypad -> BLE: each entry is a 3-byte Note On/Off message.
+static OUTBOUND: Channel<CriticalSectionRawMutex, [u8; 3], 16> = Channel::new();
+/// BLE -> keypad: each entry is a 3-byte channel message to light a pad.
+static INBOUND: Channel<CriticalSectionRawMutex, [u8; 3], 16> = Channel::new();
+
+// ---- BLE-MIDI 1.0 GATT service definition --------------------------------
+//
+// Service:  03B80E5A-EDE8-4B33-A751-6CE34EC4C700  (MIDI Service)
+// Char:     7772E5DB-3868-4112-A1A9-F2669D106BF3  (MIDI I/O)
+// Props:    read | write-without-response | notify
+#[gatt_server]
+struct Server {
+    midi_service: MidiService,
+}
+
+#[gatt_service(uuid = "03b80e5a-ede8-4b33-a751-6ce34ec4c700")]
+struct MidiService {
+    #[characteristic(uuid = "7772e5db-3868-4112-a1a9-f2669d106bf3", read, write_without_response, notify)]
+    midi_io: (),
+}
+
+// ---- CYW43 runner + heartbeat tasks --------------------------------------
+
+#[embassy_executor::task]
+async fn cyw43_task(
+    runner: cyw43::Runner<
+        'static,
+        cyw43::SpiBus<Output<'static>, PioSpi<'static, PIO0, 0>>,
+        Cyw43439,
+    >,
+) {
+    runner.run().await
+}
+
+#[embassy_executor::task]
+async fn led_task(mut control: cyw43::Control<'static>) {
+    loop {
+        control.gpio_set(0, true).await;
+        Timer::after_millis(80).await;
+        control.gpio_set(0, false).await;
+        Timer::after_millis(920).await;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Poll the keypad: send Note On/Off for changed pads, light pads from inbound
+/// MIDI, repeat every 10ms (matching the C main loop cadence).
+#[embassy_executor::task]
+async fn keypad_task(mut keypad: RgbKeypad, mut bootsel: embassy_rp::Peri<'static, embassy_rp::peripherals::BOOTSEL>) {
+    // Startup blink: all LEDs white, then off — a visible "main is alive and
+    // the keypad/SPI driver works" signal that does not depend on the radio.
+    for i in 0..keypad::NUM_PADS {
+        keypad.illuminate(i, 64, 64, 64);
+    }
+    keypad.update();
+    Timer::after_millis(400).await;
+
+    let mut midi = MidiKeypad::new(&mut keypad, 48); // note offset C3; paints underlay
+    let mut out_buf: Vec<MidiOut, 16> = Vec::new();
+    let outbound = OUTBOUND.sender();
+    let inbound = INBOUND.receiver();
+    let mut note_offset: u8 = 48;
+    let mut bootsel_held = false;
+
+    loop {
+        // 1. read pads -> Note On/Off. Each message is routed two ways, matching
+        //    the C firmware's connect_ports("MidiKeypad","MidiKeypad") local
+        //    feedback + connect_ports("MidiKeypad","BluetoothMidi"):
+        //    (a) local: light the pressed pad immediately,
+        //    (b) outbound: send to the BLE side to notify the host.
+        out_buf.clear();
+        midi.update(&mut keypad, &mut out_buf);
+        for m in out_buf.iter() {
+            midi.receive_midi_message(&mut keypad, &m.bytes);
+            let _ = outbound.try_send(m.bytes);
+        }
+        out_buf.clear();
+
+        // 2. light pads from inbound MIDI (host -> keypad)
+        while let Ok(msg) = inbound.try_receive() {
+            midi.receive_midi_message(&mut keypad, &msg);
+        }
+
+        // 3. BOOTSEL: cycle octave +12 (wrap at 120) and flash the octave digit.
+        //    Edge-triggered so one press = one step (C firmware re-checked every
+        //    loop while held, which multi-triggered; we debounce to a press edge).
+        let pressed = embassy_rp::bootsel::is_bootsel_pressed(bootsel.reborrow());
+        if pressed && !bootsel_held {
+            note_offset = (note_offset + 12) % 120;
+            midi.set_note_offset(&mut keypad, note_offset);
+            crate::octave::display_active_octave(&mut midi, &mut keypad, note_offset).await;
+        }
+        bootsel_held = pressed;
+
+        Timer::after_millis(10).await;
+    }
+}
+
+// ---- TrouBLE host runner --------------------------------------------------
+
+async fn ble_task<C: Controller, P: PacketPool>(mut runner: Runner<'_, C, P>) {
+    loop {
+        if let Err(e) = runner.run().await {
+            log::error!("[ble_task] runner error: {:?}", e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ---- Advertising ----------------------------------------------------------
+
+async fn advertise<'a, 'b, C: Controller>(
+    peripheral: &mut Peripheral<'a, C, DefaultPacketPool>,
+    server: &'b Server<'a>,
+) -> Result<GattConnection<'a, 'b, DefaultPacketPool>, BleHostError<C::Error>> {
+    // adv_data: Flags + MIDI service UUID (so MIDI hosts auto-discover).
+    // scan_data: device name (won't fit in adv_data alongside the 128-bit UUID).
+    let mut advertiser_data = [0u8; 31];
+    let mut scan_response = [0u8; 31];
+    // MIDI Service UUID 03B80E5A-EDE8-4B33-A751-6CE34EC4C700, little-endian.
+    let midi_service_uuid: [u8; 16] = [
+        0x00, 0xc7, 0xc4, 0x4e, 0xe3, 0x6c, 0x51, 0xa7, 0x33, 0x4b, 0xe8, 0xed, 0x5a, 0x0e, 0xb8,
+        0x03,
+    ];
+    let adv_len = AdStructure::encode_slice(
+        &[
+            AdStructure::Flags(LE_GENERAL_DISCOVERABLE | BR_EDR_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+            AdStructure::CompleteServiceUuids128(&[midi_service_uuid]),
+        ],
+        &mut advertiser_data[..],
+    )?;
+    let scan_len = AdStructure::encode_slice(
+        &[AdStructure::CompleteLocalName("BLE-RGB Keypad".as_bytes())],
+        &mut scan_response[..],
+    )?;
+    log::info!("[adv] starting advertise...");
+    let advertiser = peripheral
+        .advertise(
+            &Default::default(),
+            Advertisement::ConnectableScannableUndirected {
+                adv_data: &advertiser_data[..adv_len],
+                scan_data: &scan_response[..scan_len],
+            },
+        )
+        .await?;
+    log::info!("[adv] advertising as 'BLE-RGB Keypad'");
+    let conn = advertiser.accept().await?.with_attribute_server(server)?;
+    log::info!("[adv] connection established");
+    Ok(conn)
+}
+
+// ---- Connection: pump MIDI both ways -------------------------------------
+
+async fn run_connection<'a, 'b, P: PacketPool>(
+    conn: &GattConnection<'a, 'b, P>,
+    server: &'b Server<'a>,
+    codec: &mut codec::Codec,
+    outbound: &Receiver<'static, CriticalSectionRawMutex, [u8; 3], 16>,
+    inbound: &Sender<'static, CriticalSectionRawMutex, [u8; 3], 16>,
+) {
+    let midi_handle = server.midi_service.midi_io.handle;
+    let midi_io = &server.midi_service.midi_io;
+
+    loop {
+        match select(conn.next(), outbound.receive()).await {
+            Either::First(ev) => match ev {
+                GattConnectionEvent::Disconnected { reason } => {
+                    info!("[gatt] disconnected: {:?}", reason);
+                    return;
+                }
+                GattConnectionEvent::Gatt { event } => {
+                    let reply = match event {
+                        GattEvent::Write(e) => {
+                            if e.handle() == midi_handle {
+                                // Copy the written bytes out, then decode.
+                                let mut buf = [0u8; codec::MAX_BLE_MIDI_PACKET];
+                                let mut len = 0usize;
+                                e.with_data(|_offset, data| {
+                                    len = data.len().min(buf.len());
+                                    buf[..len].copy_from_slice(&data[..len]);
+                                });
+                                codec.decode_push(&buf[..len]);
+                                while let Some(m) = codec.pop_midi() {
+                                    let bc = m.byte_count() as usize;
+                                    if bc == 3 {
+                                        let _ = inbound.try_send(m.msg_bytes);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            e.accept()
+                        }
+                        other => other.accept(),
+                    };
+                    if let Ok(reply) = reply {
+                        let _ = reply.send().await;
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            },
+            Either::Second(msg) => {
+                // Outbound Note On/Off: stamp + encode + notify.
+                let now = Instant::now().as_millis() as u16;
+                let (_, ready) = codec.push_midi(&msg, now);
+                if ready {
+                    while let Some(pkt) = codec.ble_pkt_pop() {
+                        let _ = midi_io.notify_raw(conn, &pkt.pkt[..pkt.nbytes], false).await;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ---- main -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[embassy_executor::main]
+async fn main(spawner: Spawner) {
+    let p = embassy_rp::init(Default::default());
+    info!("[boot] embassy_rp initialised");
+
+    // ---- USB serial logger (routes log::info!/error! to the serial port) -
+    let driver = Driver::new(p.USB, Irqs);
+    let _ = spawner.spawn(unwrap!(logger_task(driver)));
+    info!("[boot] usb logger task spawned");
+
+    // ---- Keypad task FIRST (I2C0 + SPI0; independent of the radio) ------
+    let mut kp_spi_cfg = embassy_rp::spi::Config::default();
+    kp_spi_cfg.frequency = 4_000_000;
+    let kp_spi = embassy_rp::spi::Spi::new_blocking_txonly(p.SPI0, p.PIN_18, p.PIN_19, kp_spi_cfg);
+    let mut kp_i2c_cfg = embassy_rp::i2c::Config::default();
+    kp_i2c_cfg.frequency = 400_000;
+    kp_i2c_cfg.sda_pullup = true;
+    kp_i2c_cfg.scl_pullup = true;
+    let kp_i2c = embassy_rp::i2c::I2c::new_blocking(p.I2C0, p.PIN_5, p.PIN_4, kp_i2c_cfg);
+    let kp_cs = Output::new(p.PIN_17, Level::High);
+    let keypad = RgbKeypad::new(kp_cs, kp_spi, kp_i2c);
+    let _ = spawner.spawn(unwrap!(keypad_task(keypad, p.BOOTSEL)));
+    info!("[boot] keypad task spawned");
+
+    // ---- CYW43 firmware blobs (committed under cyw43-firmware/) -----------
+    let fw = cyw43::aligned_bytes!("../cyw43-firmware/43439A0.bin");
+    let clm = cyw43::aligned_bytes!("../cyw43-firmware/43439A0_clm.bin");
+    let btfw = cyw43::aligned_bytes!("../cyw43-firmware/43439A0_btfw.bin");
+    let nvram = cyw43::aligned_bytes!("../cyw43-firmware/nvram_rp2040.bin");
+
+    // ---- CYW43 PIO-SPI bus (Pico W wiring) -------------------------------
+    let pwr = Output::new(p.PIN_23, Level::Low);
+    let cs = Output::new(p.PIN_25, Level::High);
+    let mut pio = Pio::new(p.PIO0, Irqs);
+    let spi = PioSpi::new(
+        &mut pio.common,
+        pio.sm0,
+        cyw43_pio::DEFAULT_CLOCK_DIVIDER,
+        pio.irq0,
+        cs,
+        p.PIN_24,
+        p.PIN_29,
+        dma::Channel::new(p.DMA_CH0, Irqs),
+        dma::Channel::new(p.DMA_CH1, Irqs),
+    );
+
+    static STATE: StaticCell<cyw43::State> = StaticCell::new();
+    let state = STATE.init(cyw43::State::new());
+
+    let (_net_device, bt_device, mut control, runner) =
+        cyw43::new_with_bluetooth(state, pwr, spi, fw, btfw, nvram).await;
+    let _ = spawner.spawn(unwrap!(cyw43_task(runner)));
+    control.init(clm).await;
+    log::info!("[cyw43] initialised");
+
+    let _ = spawner.spawn(unwrap!(led_task(control)));
+
+    // ---- TrouBLE BLE host -------------------------------------------------
+    let controller: ExternalController<_, 10> = ExternalController::new(bt_device);
+    let address: Address = Address::random([0xff, 0x8f, 0x1a, 0x05, 0xe4, 0xff]);
+    log::info!("[ble] controller wrapped, address set");
+
+    static RES: StaticCell<HostResources<DefaultPacketPool, CONNECTIONS_MAX, L2CAP_CHANNELS_MAX>> =
+        StaticCell::new();
+    let resources = RES.init(HostResources::new());
+    log::info!("[ble] building stack...");
+    let stack = trouble_host::new(controller, resources)
+        .set_random_address(address)
+        .build();
+    log::info!("[ble] stack built");
+    let runner = stack.runner();
+    let mut peripheral = stack.peripheral();
+    log::info!("[ble] peripheral acquired");
+
+    let server = Server::new_with_config(GapConfig::Peripheral(PeripheralConfig {
+        name: "BLE-RGB Keypad",
+        appearance: &appearance::power_device::GENERIC_POWER_DEVICE,
+    }))
+    .unwrap();
+    log::info!("[ble] gatt server built");
+
+    let outbound = OUTBOUND.receiver();
+    let inbound = INBOUND.sender();
+    log::info!("[ble] entering advertise loop");
+
+    join(ble_task(runner), async {
+        let mut codec = codec::Codec::new();
+        loop {
+            match advertise(&mut peripheral, &server).await {
+                Ok(conn) => {
+                    log::info!("[ble] connected");
+                    // Fresh codec state per connection.
+                    codec = codec::Codec::new();
+                    run_connection(&conn, &server, &mut codec, &outbound, &inbound).await;
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    log::error!("[adv] error: {:?}", e);
+                    Timer::after_millis(500).await;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    })
+    .await;
+}
diff --git a/src/midi_keypad.rs b/src/midi_keypad.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17614b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/midi_keypad.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+//! MIDI keypad state machine — Rust port of `MidiKeypad.cpp`.
+//!
+//! Copyright (C) 2026  Nils — SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+//! This file is part of pico-pi-midi. See LICENSE for the full notice.
+//!
+//! Reads the 16-pad button matrix from [`RgbKeypad`], turns presses/releases
+//! into Note On/Off MIDI messages, and lights pads in response to incoming
+//! Note messages. The underlay colours distinguish root / white / black keys
+//! within the current octave, and an overlay can temporarily take over the
+//! LEDs (used by the octave display).
+
+use crate::keypad::{RgbKeypad, NUM_PADS};
+
+/// Root note (MIDI note number where the keypad's pad 0 starts).
+pub type NoteOffset = u8;
+
+/// A MIDI message to send (Note On / Note Off here, 3 bytes each).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct MidiOut {
+    pub bytes: [u8; 3],
+}
+
+/// Flip a 4x4 grid index so that physical pad 0 (top-left) maps to the
+/// bottom-left note, matching the C `transform_index`.
+fn transform_index(i: usize) -> usize {
+    let row = i / 4;
+    let column = i % 4;
+    (3 - row) * 4 + column
+}
+
+pub struct MidiKeypad {
+    pub note_offset: NoteOffset,
+    previous_button_states: u16,
+    /// RGB underlay colour per physical pad index.
+    underlay_colors: [[u8; 3]; NUM_PADS],
+    overlay_active: bool,
+    underlay_active: bool,
+}
+
+impl MidiKeypad {
+    pub fn new(keypad: &mut RgbKeypad, note_offset: NoteOffset) -> Self {
+        let mut s = Self {
+            note_offset,
+            previous_button_states: 0,
+            underlay_colors: [[0; 3]; NUM_PADS],
+            overlay_active: false,
+            underlay_active: true,
+        };
+        s.set_base_colors(keypad);
+        s
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_note_offset(&mut self, keypad: &mut RgbKeypad, offset: NoteOffset) {
+        self.note_offset = offset;
+        self.set_base_colors(keypad);
+    }
+
+    /// Poll the button matrix; append a Note On/Off `[status, note, velocity]`
+    /// to `out` for every pad whose state changed since the last call.
+    pub fn update(&mut self, keypad: &mut RgbKeypad, out: &mut heapless::Vec<MidiOut, 16>) {
+        if self.overlay_active {
+            return;
+        }
+        let current = keypad.get_button_states();
+        let changed = current ^ self.previous_button_states;
+        if changed != 0 {
+            for i in 0..NUM_PADS {
+                let mask = 1u16 << i;
+                if changed & mask != 0 {
+                    let pressed = current & mask != 0;
+                    let note = (transform_index(i) as u8).wrapping_add(self.note_offset);
+                    let bytes = if pressed {
+                        [0x90, note, 127] // Note On, full velocity
+                    } else {
+                        [0x80, note, 0] // Note Off
+                    };
+                    let _ = out.push(MidiOut { bytes });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        self.previous_button_states = current;
+    }
+
+    /// Light a single pad for the overlay (takes over the LEDs until cleared).
+    pub fn set_overlay_led(&mut self, keypad: &mut RgbKeypad, pad_index: usize, r: u8, g: u8, b: u8) {
+        let reversed = transform_index(pad_index);
+        keypad.illuminate(reversed, r, g, b);
+        keypad.update();
+        self.overlay_active = true;
+        self.underlay_active = false;
+    }
+
+    /// Mark the overlay active after painting LEDs directly (e.g. a bitmap via
+    /// `RgbKeypad` rather than `set_overlay_led`), so the keypad update loop
+    /// suspends button reads and `clear_overlay` knows to repaint the underlay.
+    pub fn set_overlay_active(&mut self) {
+        self.overlay_active = true;
+        self.underlay_active = false;
+    }
+
+    /// Release the overlay and repaint the underlay.
+    pub fn clear_overlay(&mut self, keypad: &mut RgbKeypad) {
+        self.overlay_active = false;
+        self.underlay_active = true;
+        self.update_underlay(keypad);
+    }
+
+    /// Handle an incoming 3-byte MIDI channel message, lighting the matching
+    /// pad if it falls in the keypad's note range. Mirrors the C
+    /// `receive_midi_message` (with the duplicated Note-On block de-duplicated).
+    pub fn receive_midi_message(&mut self, keypad: &mut RgbKeypad, message: &[u8]) {
+        if message.len() < 3 || self.overlay_active {
+            return;
+        }
+        let status = message[0];
+        let note = message[1];
+        let velocity = message[2];
+
+        let original = note as i32 - self.note_offset as i32;
+        if !(0..NUM_PADS as i32).contains(&original) {
+            return;
+        }
+        let original = original as usize;
+        let reversed = transform_index(original);
+
+        let mut r = self.underlay_colors[original][0];
+        let mut g = self.underlay_colors[original][1];
+        let mut b = self.underlay_colors[original][2];
+
+        // Default to white if the underlay is off.
+        if r == 0 && g == 0 && b == 0 {
+            r = 255;
+            g = 255;
+            b = 255;
+        } else {
+            // Normalise the underlay colour to full brightness.
+            let max = r.max(g).max(b);
+            r = (r as u16 * 255 / max as u16) as u8;
+            g = (g as u16 * 255 / max as u16) as u8;
+            b = (b as u16 * 255 / max as u16) as u8;
+        }
+
+        if status == 0x90 && velocity > 0 {
+            // Note On: scale the normalised colour by velocity.
+            r = (r as u16 * velocity as u16 / 127) as u8;
+            g = (g as u16 * velocity as u16 / 127) as u8;
+            b = (b as u16 * velocity as u16 / 127) as u8;
+            keypad.illuminate(reversed, r, g, b);
+        } else if status == 0x80 || (status == 0x90 && velocity == 0) {
+            // Note Off: revert to the original underlay colour.
+            keypad.illuminate(
+                reversed,
+                self.underlay_colors[original][0],
+                self.underlay_colors[original][1],
+                self.underlay_colors[original][2],
+            );
+        }
+        keypad.update();
+    }
+
+    /// Paint the underlay colours across all pads.
+    fn update_underlay(&self, keypad: &mut RgbKeypad) {
+        if !self.overlay_active && self.underlay_active {
+            for i in 0..NUM_PADS {
+                let j = transform_index(i);
+                keypad.illuminate(
+                    j,
+                    self.underlay_colors[i][0],
+                    self.underlay_colors[i][1],
+                    self.underlay_colors[i][2],
+                );
+            }
+            keypad.update();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Set the base underlay colours: root note purple, black keys dim, white
+    /// keys blue — keyed by `(note_offset + i) % 12`.
+    fn set_base_colors(&mut self, keypad: &mut RgbKeypad) {
+        for i in 0..NUM_PADS {
+            let note = (self.note_offset.wrapping_add(i as u8)) % 12;
+            self.underlay_colors[i] = match note {
+                0 => [5, 1, 5],             // root (purple)
+                1 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 10 => [0, 0, 0], // black keys (dim)
+                _ => [1, 1, 10],             // white keys (blue)
+            };
+        }
+        self.update_underlay(keypad);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/octave.rs b/src/octave.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fdde1da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/octave.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+//! Octave display — Rust port of the octave bitmaps + `display_active_octave`
+//! from `main.cpp`. On a BOOTSEL press, the active octave is shown as a digit
+//! on the 4x4 keypad grid for 500ms via the keypad overlay, then cleared.
+//!
+//! Copyright (C) 2026  Nils — SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
+//! This file is part of pico-pi-midi. See LICENSE for the full notice.
+
+use crate::keypad::{RgbKeypad, NUM_PADS};
+use crate::midi_keypad::MidiKeypad;
+
+/// 4x4 bitmaps for octaves -1..=9. Each row is 4 bits (MSB = leftmost column),
+/// rows ordered top-to-bottom. Index 0 = octave -1, index k = octave k-1.
+/// (Direct copy of the C `digit_bitmaps[11][4]`.)
+const DIGIT_BITMAPS: [[u8; 4]; 11] = [
+    [0b0001, 0b0001, 0b1101, 0b0001], // -1
+    [0b0010, 0b0101, 0b0101, 0b0010], // 0
+    [0b0001, 0b0001, 0b0001, 0b0001], // 1
+    [0b0111, 0b0011, 0b0110, 0b0111], // 2
+    [0b0111, 0b0001, 0b0011, 0b0111], // 3
+    [0b0101, 0b0111, 0b0001, 0b0001], // 4
+    [0b0111, 0b0110, 0b0011, 0b0111], // 5
+    [0b0100, 0b0111, 0b0101, 0b0111], // 6
+    [0b0111, 0b0001, 0b0010, 0b0100], // 7
+    [0b0111, 0b0111, 0b0111, 0b0111], // 8
+    [0b0111, 0b0101, 0b0111, 0b0001], // 9
+];
+
+/// Paint a 4x4 bitmap onto the keypad overlay (white where the bit is set).
+/// Mirrors the C `display_bitmap`: row 0 is top, and the grid is written so
+/// that physical row (3-row) is at the top — matching `transform_index`.
+fn display_bitmap(keypad: &mut RgbKeypad, bitmap: &[u8; 4]) {
+    for row in 0..4 {
+        let row_data = bitmap[row];
+        for col in 0..4 {
+            let on = row_data & (1 << (3 - col)) != 0;
+            let c = if on { 255 } else { 0 };
+            // C: set_overlay_led((3 - row) * 4 + col, ...)
+            let pad_index = (3 - row) * 4 + col;
+            keypad.illuminate(pad_index, c, c, c);
+        }
+    }
+    keypad.update();
+}
+
+/// Show the active octave for `note_offset` on the grid for 500ms, then clear.
+/// `octave = note_offset/12 - 1` (MIDI convention: note 0 = C-1). Out of range
+/// flashes all pads red.
+pub async fn display_active_octave(midi: &mut MidiKeypad, keypad: &mut RgbKeypad, note_offset: u8) {
+    let octave = (note_offset / 12) as i32 - 1;
+
+    midi.clear_overlay(keypad);
+
+    if (-1..=9).contains(&octave) {
+        display_bitmap(keypad, &DIGIT_BITMAPS[(octave + 1) as usize]);
+        midi.set_overlay_active();
+    } else {
+        // Out of range: flash all LEDs red.
+        for i in 0..NUM_PADS {
+            midi.set_overlay_led(keypad, i, 255, 0, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    embassy_time::Timer::after_millis(500).await;
+    midi.clear_overlay(keypad);
+}