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               Lucas Beyer and
               Alexander Kolesnikov and
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               Thomas Unterthiner and
               Mostafa Dehghani and
               Matthias Minderer and
               Georg Heigold and
               Sylvain Gelly and
               Jakob Uszkoreit and
               Neil Houlsby},
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@misc{nanda2022grokking,
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@misc{nanda2023factualrecall,
author = {Nanda, Neel and Rajamanoharan, Senthooran, Kramár, János and Shah, Rohin},
title={Fact Finding: Attempting to Reverse-Engineer Factual Recall on the Neuron Level},
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}
 
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  pages =          {537--546},
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@misc{sharkey2022interim,
  title={[Interim research report] Taking features out of superposition with sparse autoencoders},
  author={Lee Sharkey and Dan Braun and Beren Millidge},
  year={2022},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/z6QQJbtpkEAX3Aojj/interim-research-report-taking-features-out-of-superposition}
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@misc{li2023inferencetime,
      title={Inference-Time Intervention: Eliciting Truthful Answers from a Language Model}, 
      author={Kenneth Li and Oam Patel and Fernanda Viégas and Hanspeter Pfister and Martin Wattenberg},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2306.03341},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG},
      url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.03341}
}
@misc{turner2023activation,
      title={Activation Addition: Steering Language Models Without Optimization}, 
      author={Alexander Matt Turner and Lisa Thiergart and David Udell and Gavin Leech and Ulisse Mini and Monte MacDiarmid},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2308.10248},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.10248}
}
@article{marks2023geometry,
  title={The geometry of truth: Emergent linear structure in large language model representations of true/false datasets},
  author={Marks, Samuel and Tegmark, Max},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.06824},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.06824},
  year={2023}
}
@misc{rimsky2024steering,
      title={Steering Llama 2 via Contrastive Activation Addition}, 
      author={Nina Rimsky and Nick Gabrieli and Julian Schulz and Meg Tong and Evan Hubinger and Alexander Matt Turner},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2312.06681},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.06681}
}


@article{alain2016understanding,
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@article{viegas2023system,
  title={The System Model and the User Model: Exploring AI Dashboard Design},
  author={Viégas, Fernanda and Wattenberg, Martin},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.02469},
  year={2023},
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@misc{belrose2023leace,
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      author={Nora Belrose and David Schneider-Joseph and Shauli Ravfogel and Ryan Cotterell and Edward Raff and Stella Biderman},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2306.03819},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG},
      url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.03819}
}


@misc{bills2023language,
         title={Language models can explain neurons in language models},
         author={
            Bills, Steven and Cammarata, Nick and Mossing, Dan and Tillman, Henk and Gao, Leo and Goh, Gabriel and Sutskever, Ilya and Leike, Jan and Wu, Jeff and Saunders, William
         },
         year={2023},
         url ={https://openaipublic.blob.core.windows.net/neuron-explainer/paper/index.html}
}
@misc{olah2023distributed,
         title={Distributed Representations: Composition \& Superposition},
         author={Olah, Christopher},
         year={2023},
         url={https://transformer-circuits.pub/2023/superposition-composition/index.html}
}
@article{scherlis2022polysemanticity,
  title={Polysemanticity and capacity in neural networks},
  author={Scherlis, Adam and Sachan, Kshitij and Jermyn, Adam S and Benton, Joe and Shlegeris, Buck},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.01892},
  year={2022},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.01892}
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@article{gurnee2023finding,
  title={Finding Neurons in a Haystack: Case Studies with Sparse Probing},
  author={Gurnee, Wes and Nanda, Neel and Pauly, Matthew and Harvey, Katherine and Troitskii, Dmitrii and Bertsimas, Dimitris},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.01610},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.01610}
}




@article{yun2021transformer,
  title={Transformer visualization via dictionary learning: contextualized embedding as a linear superposition of transformer factors},
  author={Yun, Zeyu and Chen, Yubei and Olshausen, Bruno A and LeCun, Yann},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.15949},
  year={2021},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.15949}
}
@article{mahinpei2021promises,
  title={Promises and pitfalls of black-box concept learning models},
  author={Mahinpei, Anita and Clark, Justin and Lage, Isaac and Doshi-Velez, Finale and Pan, Weiwei},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.13314},
  year={2021},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.13314}
}


@article{krotov2019unsupervised,
  title={Unsupervised learning by competing hidden units},
  author={Krotov, Dmitry and Hopfield, John J},
  journal={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume={116},
  number={16},
  pages={7723--7731},
  year={2019},
  publisher={National Acad Sciences},
  url={https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.1820458116}
}
@inproceedings{rauker2023toward,
  title={Toward transparent ai: A survey on interpreting the inner structures of deep neural networks},
  author={Räuker, Tilman and Ho, Anson and Casper, Stephen and Hadfield-Menell, Dylan},
  booktitle={2023 IEEE Conference on Secure and Trustworthy Machine Learning (SaTML)},
  pages={464--483},
  year={2023},
  organization={IEEE},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.13243}
}
@article{jermyn2022engineering,
  title={Engineering monosemanticity in toy models},
  author={Jermyn, Adam S and Schiefer, Nicholas and Hubinger, Evan},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.09169},
  year={2022},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.09169}
}


@article{zhang2019word,
  title={Word embedding visualization via dictionary learning},
  author={Zhang, Juexiao and Chen, Yubei and Cheung, Brian and Olshausen, Bruno A},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.03833},
  year={2019},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.03833}
}


@misc{cunningham2023replication,
  title={[Replication] Conjecture's Sparse Coding in Toy Models},
  author={Cunningham, Hoagy and Smith, Logan},
  year={2023},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/E8imxQo96WgDCMxkA/replication-conjecture-s-sparse-coding-in-toy-models}
}


@misc{huben2023update,
  title={[Research Update] Sparse Autoencoder features are bimodal},
  author={Huben, Robert},
  year={2023},
  url={https://aizi.substack.com/p/research-update-sparse-autoencoder}
}


@misc{smith2023found,
  title={(tentatively) Found 600+ Monosemantic Features in a Small LM Using Sparse Autoencoders},
  author={Smith, Logan},
  year={2023},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/wqRqb7h6ZC48iDgfK/tentatively-found-600-monosemantic-features-in-a-small-lm}
}




@misc{smith2023strong,
  title={Really Strong Features Found in Residual Stream},
  author={Smith, Logan},
  year={2023},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/Q76CpqHeEMykKpFdB/really-strong-features-found-in-residual-stream}
}


@misc{cunningham2023autointerpretation,
  title={AutoInterpretation Finds Sparse Coding Beats Alternatives},
  author={Cunningham, Hoagy},
  year={2023},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/ursraZGcpfMjCXtnn/autointerpretation-finds-sparse-coding-beats-alternatives}
}






@misc{lsgos2023dropout,
  title={Dropout can create a privileged basis in the ReLU output model},
  author={lsgos},
  year={2023},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/uSdFFTATPFJz4pQyB/dropout-can-create-a-privileged-basis-in-the-relu-output}
}


@misc{hobbhahn2023more,
  title={More findings on Memorization and double descent},
  author={Hobbhahn, Marius},
  year={2023},
  url={https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/KzwB4ovzrZ8DYWgpw/more-findings-on-memorization-and-double-descent}
}


@misc{braunE2E2024,
title={Identifying Functionally Important Features with End-to-End Sparse Dictionary Learning},
author={Braun, Dan and Taylor, Jordan and Goldowsky-Dill, Nicholas and Sharkey, Lee},
year={2024},
url={https://publications.apolloresearch.ai/end_to_end_sparse_dictionary_learning.pdf}
}

@article{braun2025identifying,
  title={Identifying functionally important features with end-to-end sparse dictionary learning},
  author={Braun, Dan and Taylor, Jordan and Goldowsky-Dill, Nicholas and Sharkey, Lee},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={37},
  pages={107286--107325},
  year={2025},
  url={https://publications.apolloresearch.ai/end_to_end_sparse_dictionary_learning.pdf}
}



@misc{nanda2023actually,
  title={Actually, Othello-GPT Has A Linear Emergent World Representation},
  author={Nanda, Neel},
  year={2023},
  url={https://www.neelnanda.io/mechanistic-interpretability/othello}
}


@article{kingma2014adam,
  title={Adam: A method for stochastic optimization},
  author={Kingma, Diederik P and Ba, Jimmy},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/1412.6980},
  year={2014}
}


@article{cunningham2023sparse,
  title={Sparse Autoencoders Find Highly Interpretable Model Directions},
  author={Cunningham, Hoagy and Ewart, Aidan and Smith, Logan and Huben, Robert
and Sharkey, Lee},
 journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.08600},
 url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.08600},
  year={2023}
}




@misc{rumbelow2023solid,
  title={SolidGoldMagikarp (plus, prompt generation)},
  author={Rumbelow, Jessica and Watkins, Matthew},
  year={2023},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/aPeJE8bSo6rAFoLqg/solidgoldmagikarp-plus-prompt-generation}
}


@article{burns2022discovering,
  title={Discovering latent knowledge in language models without supervision},
  author={Burns, Collin and Ye, Haotian and Klein, Dan and Steinhardt, Jacob},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.03827},
  year={2022},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.03827}
}


@article{mcgrath2022acquisition,
  title={Acquisition of chess knowledge in alphazero},
  author={McGrath, Thomas and Kapishnikov, Andrei and Toma{\v{s}}ev, Nenad and Pearce, Adam and Wattenberg, Martin and Hassabis, Demis and Kim, Been and Paquet, Ulrich and Kramnik, Vladimir},
  journal={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume={119},
  number={47},
  pages={e2206625119},
  year={2022},
  publisher={National Acad Sciences},
  url={https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2206625119}
}
@article{frey2014topk,
  title={k-Sparse Autoencoders},
  author={Alireza Makhzani and Brendan J. Frey},
  journal={CoRR},
  year={2013},
  volume={abs/1312.5663},
  url={https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14850799}
}


@article{nanda2023emergent,
  title={Emergent Linear Representations in World Models of Self-Supervised Sequence Models},
  author={Nanda, Neel and Lee, Andrew and Wattenberg, Martin},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.00941},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.00941}
}
@inproceedings{he2015delving,
  title={Delving deep into rectifiers: Surpassing human-level performance on imagenet classification},
  author={He, Kaiming and Zhang, Xiangyu and Ren, Shaoqing and Sun, Jian},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision},
  pages={1026--1034},
  year={2015},
  url={https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_iccv_2015/papers/He_Delving_Deep_into_ICCV_2015_paper.pdf}
}
@article{frankle2018lottery,
  title={The lottery ticket hypothesis: Finding sparse, trainable neural networks},
  author={Frankle, Jonathan and Carbin, Michael},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.03635},
  year={2018},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.03635}
}
@article{bricken2023emergence,
  title={Emergence of Sparse Representations from Noise},
  author={Bricken, Trenton and Schaeffer, Rylan and Olshausen, Bruno and Kreiman, Gabriel},
  year={2023},
  url={https://openreview.net/pdf?id=cxYaBAXVKg}
}


@article{miao2021incorporating,
  title={On incorporating inductive biases into VAEs},
  author={Miao, Ning and Mathieu, Emile and Siddharth, N and Teh, Yee Whye and Rainforth, Tom},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.13746},
  year={2021},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.13746}
}
@article{rentzeperis2023beyond,
  title={Beyond ℓ₁ sparse coding in V1},
  author={Rentzeperis, Ilias and Calatroni, Luca and Perrinet, Laurent and Prandi, Dario},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.10002},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.10002}
}
@article{hurley2009comparing,
  title={Comparing measures of sparsity},
  author={Hurley, Niall and Rickard, Scott},
  journal={IEEE Transactions on Information Theory},
  volume={55},
  number={10},
  pages={4723--4741},
  year={2009},
  publisher={IEEE},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/0811.4706}
}
@misc{nanda2023patching,
  title={Attribution Patching: Activation Patching At Industrial Scale},
  author={Nanda, Neel},
  year={2023},
  url={https://www.neelnanda.io/mechanistic-interpretability/attribution-patching}
}
@article{grosse2023studying,
  title={Studying Large Language Model Generalization with Influence Functions},
  author={Grosse, Roger and Bae, Juhan and Anil, Cem and Elhage, Nelson and Tamkin, Alex and Tajdini, Amirhossein and Steiner, Benoit and Li, Dustin and Durmus, Esin and Perez, Ethan and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.03296},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.03296}
}
@inproceedings{hernandez2021natural,
  title={Natural language descriptions of deep visual features},
  author={Hernandez, Evan and Schwettmann, Sarah and Bau, David and Bagashvili, Teona and Torralba, Antonio and Andreas, Jacob},
  booktitle={International Conference on Learning Representations},
  year={2021},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.11114}
}
@misc{christiano2022anomaly,
  title={Mechanistic anomaly detection and ELK},
  author={Christiano, Paul},
  year={2022},
  url={https://ai-alignment.com/mechanistic-anomaly-detection-and-elk-fb84f4c6d0dc}
}
@misc{wright2024suppression,
  title={Addressing Feature Suppression in SAEs},
  author={Wright, Benjamin and Sharkey, Lee},
  year={2024},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/3JuSjTZyMzaSeTxKk/addressing-feature-suppression-in-saes}
}
@article{rajamanoharan2024improving,
  title={Improving Dictionary Learning with Gated Sparse Autoencoders},
  author={Rajamanoharan, Senthooran and Conmy, Arthur and Smith, Lewis and Lieberum, Tom and Varma, Vikrant and Kram{\'a}r, J{\'a}nos and Shah, Rohin and Nanda, Neel},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.16014},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.16014}
}
@misc{vaintrob2024computation,
  title={Toward A Mathematical Framework for Computation in Superposition},
  author={Vaintrob, Dmitry and Mendel, Jake and H\"{a}nni, Kaarel},
  year={2024},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/2roZtSr5TGmLjXMnT/toward-a-mathematical-framework-for-computation-in}
}
@article{he2024dictionary,
  title={Dictionary Learning Improves Patch-Free Circuit Discovery in Mechanistic Interpretability: A Case Study on Othello-GPT},
  author={He, Zhengfu and Ge, Xuyang and Tang, Qiong and Sun, Tianxiang and Cheng, Qinyuan and Qiu, Xipeng},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.12201},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.12201}
}
@misc{riggs2024improvingsae,
  title={Improving SAE's by Sqrt()-ing L1 \& Removing Lowest Activating Features},
  author={Riggs, Logan and Brinkmann, Jannik},
  year={2024},
url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/YiGs8qJ8aNBgwt2YN/improving-sae-s-by-sqrt-ing-l1-and-removing-lowest}
}






@misc{fry2024vision,
  title={Towards Multimodal Interpretability: Learning Sparse Interpretable Features in Vision Transformers},
  author={Fry, Hugo},
  year={2024},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/bCtbuWraqYTDtuARg/towards-multimodal-interpretability-learning-sparse-2}
}
@misc{kissane2024attention,
  title={Sparse Autoencoders Work on Attention Layer Outputs},
  author={Kissane, Connor and robertzk and Conmy, Arthur and Nanda, Neel},
  year={2024},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/DtdzGwFh9dCfsekZZ/sparse-autoencoders-work-on-attention-layer-outputs}
}




@article{bricken2023monosemanticity,
 title={Towards Monosemanticity: Decomposing Language Models With Dictionary Learning},
 author={Bricken, Trenton and Templeton, Adly and Batson, Joshua and Chen, Brian and Jermyn, Adam and Conerly, Tom and Turner, Nick and Anil, Cem and Denison, Carson and Askell, Amanda and Lasenby, Robert and Wu, Yifan and Kravec, Shauna and Schiefer, Nicholas and Maxwell, Tim and Joseph, Nicholas and Hatfield-Dodds, Zac and Tamkin, Alex and Nguyen, Karina and McLean, Brayden and Burke, Josiah E and Hume, Tristan and Carter, Shan and Henighan, Tom and Olah, Christopher},
 year={2023},
 journal={Transformer Circuits Thread},
 url={https://transformer-circuits.pub/2023/monosemantic-features/index.html},
 note={https://transformer-circuits.pub/2023/monosemantic-features/index.html}
 }

@article{elhage23basis,
title={Privileged Bases in the Transformer Residual Stream},
author={Elhage, Nelson and Lasenby, Robert and Olah, Christopher},
journal={Transformer Circuits Thread},
year={2023},
url={https://transformer-circuits.pub/2023/privileged-basis/index.html}
}

@misc{olsson2021mlp,
title={MLP Neurons - 40L Preliminary Investigation [rough early thoughts]},
author={Olsson, Catherine and Elhage, Nelson and Olah, Chris},
url={https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wYNsoycM1U}
}

@misc{40l2021l,
title={MLP Neurons - 40L Preliminary Investigation [rough early thoughts]},
author={Olsson, Catherine and Elhage, Nelson and Olah, Chris},
url={https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wYNsoycM1U}
}

@article{marks2024sparse,
  title={Sparse Feature Circuits: Discovering and Editing Interpretable Causal Graphs in Language Models},
  author={Marks, Samuel and Rager, Can and Michaud, Eric J and Belinkov, Yonatan and Bau, David and Mueller, Aaron},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.19647},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.19647}
}
@misc{till2024true,
  title={Do sparse autoencoders find "true features"?},
  author={Till, Demian},
  year={2024},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/QoR8noAB3Mp2KBA4B/do-sparse-autoencoders-find-true-features}
}
@misc{aizi2024only,
  title={Research Report: Sparse Autoencoders find only 9/180 board state features in OthelloGPT},
  author={AIZI, Robert},
  year={2024},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/BduCMgmjJnCtc7jKc/research-report-sparse-autoencoders-find-only-9-180-board}
}


@misc{anders2024composed,
  title={Sparse autoencoders find composed features in small toy models},
  author={Anders,Evan and Neo, Clement and Hoelscher-Obermaier, Jason and  Howard, Jessica N.},
  year={2024},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/a5wwqza2cY3W7L9cj/sparse-autoencoders-find-composed-features-in-small-toy}
}


@misc{bloom2024open,
  title={Open Source Sparse Autoencoders for all Residual Stream Layers of GPT2-Small},
  author={Bloom, Joseph},
  year={2024},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/f9EgfLSurAiqRJySD/open-source-sparse-autoencoders-for-all-residual-stream}
}


@misc{openai2024debugger,
  title={Transformer Debugger},
  author={Mossing, Dan and Bills, Steven and Tillman, Henk and Dupré la Tour, Tom and Cammarata, Nick and Gao, Leo and Achiam, Joshua and Yeh, Catherine and Leike, Jan and Wu, Jeff and Saunders, William},
  year={2024},
  url={https://github.com/openai/transformer-debugger}
}


@misc{gurnee2024pathological,
  title={SAE reconstruction errors are (empirically) pathological},
  author={Gurnee, Wes},
  year={2024},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/rZPiuFxESMxCDHe4B/sae-reconstruction-errors-are-empirically-pathological}
}
@misc{lindsey2024how,
  title={How Strongly do Dictionary Learning Features Influence Model Behavior?},
  author={Lindsey, Jack},
  year={2024},
  url={https://transformer-circuits.pub/2024/april-update/index.html#ablation-exps}
}
@misc{jermyn20248l,
  title={Features in an 8-layer Model},
  author={Jermyn, Adam and Conerly, Tom and Bricken, Trenton and Templeton, Adly},
  year={2024},
  url={https://transformer-circuits.pub/2024/jan-update/index.html#dict-learning}
}
@article{zou2023representation,
  title={Representation engineering: A top-down approach to ai transparency},
  author={Zou, Andy and Phan, Long and Chen, Sarah and Campbell, James and Guo, Phillip and Ren, Richard and Pan, Alexander and Yin, Xuwang and Mazeika, Mantas and Dombrowski, Ann-Kathrin and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.01405},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.01405}
}
@article{kadavath2022language,
  title={Language models (mostly) know what they know},
  author={Kadavath, Saurav and Conerly, Tom and Askell, Amanda and Henighan, Tom and Drain, Dawn and Perez, Ethan and Schiefer, Nicholas and Hatfield-Dodds, Zac and DasSarma, Nova and Tran-Johnson, Eli and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.05221},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.05221},
  year={2022}
}
@article{jahanian2019steerability,
  title={On the "steerability" of generative adversarial networks},
  author={Jahanian, Ali and Chai, Lucy and Isola, Phillip},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.07171},
  year={2019},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/1907.07171}
}
@inproceedings{upchurch2017deep,
  title={Deep feature interpolation for image content changes},
  author={Upchurch, Paul and Gardner, Jacob and Pleiss, Geoff and Pless, Robert and Snavely, Noah and Bala, Kavita and Weinberger, Kilian},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition},
  pages={7064--7073},
  year={2017},
  url={https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content_cvpr_2017/papers/Upchurch_Deep_Feature_Interpolation_CVPR_2017_paper.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{dev2020measuring,
  title={On measuring and mitigating biased inferences of word embeddings},
  author={Dev, Sunipa and Li, Tao and Phillips, Jeff M and Srikumar, Vivek},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
  volume={34},
  number={05},
  pages={7659--7666},
  year={2020},
  url={https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/6267/6123}
}
@article{bolukbasi2016man,
  title={Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? debiasing word embeddings},
  author={Bolukbasi, Tolga and Chang, Kai-Wei and Zou, James Y and Saligrama, Venkatesh and Kalai, Adam T},
  journal={Advances in neural information processing systems},
  volume={29},
  year={2016},
  url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2016/file/a486cd07e4ac3d270571622f4f316ec5-Paper.pdf}
}
@article{christiano2021eliciting,
  title={Eliciting latent knowledge: How to tell if your eyes deceive you},
  author={Christiano, Paul and Cotra, Ajeya and Xu, Mark},
  journal={Google Docs, December},
  year={2021},
  url={https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WwsnJQstPq91_Yh-Ch2XRL8H_EpsnjrC1dwZXR37PC8/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.kkaua0hwmp1d}
}
@article{tamkin2023codebook,
  title={Codebook features: Sparse and discrete interpretability for neural networks},
  author={Tamkin, Alex and Taufeeque, Mohammad and Goodman, Noah D},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.17230},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.17230},
  year={2023}
}

@misc{conmy2024steering,
  title={Activation Steering with SAEs},
  author={Conmy, Arthur and Nanda, Neel},
  year={2024},
url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/C5KAZQib3bzzpeyrg/full-post-progress-update-1-from-the-gdm-mech-interp-team#Activation_Steering_with_SAEs}
}

@misc{batson2024easy,
  title={Using Features For Easy Circuit Identification},
  author={Batson, Joshua and Chen, Brian and Jones, Andy},
  year={2024},
  url={https://transformer-circuits.pub/2024/march-update/index.html#feature-heads}
}

@misc{lindsey2024evals,
  title={Interpretability Evals for Dictionary Learning},
  author={Lindsey, Jack and Cunningham, Hoagy and Conerly, Tom, and Templeton, Adly},
  year={2024},
  url={https://transformer-circuits.pub/2024/august-update/index.html#interp-evals}
}

@misc{turner2024sensitivity,
  title={Measuring feature sensitivity using dataset filtering},
  author={Turner, Nicholas L and Jermyn, Adam and Batson, Joshua},
  year={2024},
  url={https://transformer-circuits.pub/2024/july-update/index.html#feature-sensitivity}
}
@article{todd2023function,
  title={Function vectors in large language models},
  author={Todd, Eric and Li, Millicent L and Sharma, Arnab Sen and Mueller, Aaron and Wallace, Byron C and Bau, David},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.15213},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.15213},
  year={2023}
}

@article{hoffmann2022training,
  title={Training compute-optimal large language models},
  author={Hoffmann, Jordan and Borgeaud, Sebastian and Mensch, Arthur and Buchatskaya, Elena and Cai, Trevor and Rutherford, Eliza and Casas, Diego de Las and Hendricks, Lisa Anne and Welbl, Johannes and Clark, Aidan and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.15556},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.15556},
  year={2022}
}

@online{macdiarmid2024sleeperagentprobes,
author = {Monte MacDiarmid and Timothy Maxwell and Nicholas Schiefer and Jesse Mu and Jared Kaplan and David Duvenaud and Sam Bowman and Alex Tamkin and Ethan Perez and Mrinank Sharma and Carson Denison and Evan Hubinger},
title = {Simple probes can catch sleeper agents},
date = {2024-04-23},
year = {2024},
url = {https://www.anthropic.com/news/probes-catch-sleeper-agents},
}

@article{mallen2023eliciting,
  title={Eliciting Latent Knowledge from Quirky Language Models},
  author={Mallen, Alex and Belrose, Nora},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.01037},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.01037},
  year={2023}
}

@misc{gurnee2024language,
      title={Language Models Represent Space and Time}, 
      author={Wes Gurnee and Max Tegmark},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2310.02207},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.02207}
}

@article{le2011ica,
  title={ICA with reconstruction cost for efficient overcomplete feature learning},
  author={Le, Quoc and Karpenko, Alexandre and Ngiam, Jiquan and Ng, Andrew},
  journal={Advances in neural information processing systems},
  volume={24},
  year={2011},  url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2011/file/233509073ed3432027d48b1a83f5fbd2-Paper.pdf}
}

@article{nye2021show,
  title={Show your work: Scratchpads for intermediate computation with language models},
  author={Nye, Maxwell and Andreassen, Anders Johan and Gur-Ari, Guy and Michalewski, Henryk and Austin, Jacob and Bieber, David and Dohan, David and Lewkowycz, Aitor and Bosma, Maarten and Luan, David and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.00114},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2112.00114},
  year={2021}
}

@article{hubinger2024sleeperagents,
  title={Sleeper Agents: Training Deceptive LLMs that Persist Through Safety Training},
  author={Hubinger, Evan and Denison, Carson and Mu, Jesse and Lambert, Mike and Tong, Meg and MacDiarmid, Monte and Lanham, Tamera and Ziegler, Daniel M. and Maxwell, Tim and Cheng, Newton and Jermyn, Adam and Askell, Amanda and Radhakrishnan, Ansh and Anil, Cem and Duvenaud, David and Ganguli, Deep and Barez, Fazl and Clark, Jack and Ndousse, Kamal and Sachan, Kshitij and Sellitto, Michael and Sharma, Mrinank and DasSarma, Nova and Grosse, Roger and Kravec, Shauna and Bai, Yuntao and Witten, Zachary and Favaro, Marina and Brauner, Jan and Karnofsky, Holden and Christiano, Paul and Bowman, Samuel R. and Graham, Logan and Kaplan, Jared and Mindermann, Sören and Greenblatt, Ryan and Shlegeris, Buck and Schiefer, Nicholas and Perez, Ethan},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2401.05566},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.05566}
}

@article{conmy2023towards,
  title={Towards automated circuit discovery for mechanistic interpretability},
  author={Conmy, Arthur and Mavor-Parker, Augustine and Lynch, Aengus and Heimersheim, Stefan and Garriga-Alonso, Adri{\`a}},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={36},
  pages={16318--16352},
  year={2023},
url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2023/file/34e1dbe95d34d7ebaf99b9bcaeb5b2be-Paper-Conference.pdf}
}

@article{syed2023attributionpatching,
  title={​​Attribution Patching Outperforms Automated Circuit Discovery},
  author={Syed, Aaquib and Rager, Can and Conmy, Arthur},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.10348},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.10348}
}


@article{kramar2024atpstar,
  title={AtP*: An efficient and scalable method for localizing LLM behaviour to components},
  author={Kramár, János and Lieberum, Tom and Shah, Rohin and Nanda, Neel},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.00745},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.00745}
}
@misc{templeton2024predicting,
      title={Predicting Future Activations}, 
      author={Templeton, Adly and Batson, Joshua and Jermyn, Adam and Olah, Chris},
      year={2024},
      url={https://transformer-circuits.pub/2024/jan-update/index.html#predict-future}
}

@article{dunefsky2024transcoders,
  title={Transcoders find interpretable LLM feature circuits},
  author={Dunefsky, Jacob and Chlenski, Philippe and Nanda, Neel},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={37},
  pages={24375--24410},
  year={2025},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.11944}
}


@misc{marks2024dictionary,
      title={dictionary\_learning Github Repository}, 
      journal={Github},
      author={Marks, Samuel and Karvonen, Adam and Mueller, Aaron},
      year={2024},
      url={https://github.com/saprmarks/dictionary_learning}
}

@article{fedus2021switch,
  title={Switch Transformers: Scaling to Trillion Parameter Models with Simple and Efficient Sparsity},
  author={Fedus, William and Zoph, Barret and Shazeer, Noam},
  year={2021},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.03961},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.03961}
}
@inproceedings{shah2023modeldiff,
  title={Modeldiff: A framework for comparing learning algorithms},
  author={Shah, Harshay and Park, Sung Min and Ilyas, Andrew and Madry, Aleksander},
  booktitle={International Conference on Machine Learning},
  pages={30646--30688},
  year={2023},
  organization={PMLR},
  url={https://proceedings.mlr.press/v202/shah23a/shah23a.pdf}
}
@article{ding2023bipartite,
  title={Bipartite invariance in mouse primary visual cortex},
  author={Ding, Zhiwei and Tran, Dat T and Ponder, Kayla and Cobos, Erick and Ding, Zhuokun and Fahey, Paul G and Wang, Eric and Muhammad, Taliah and Fu, Jiakun and Cadena, Santiago A and others},
  journal={bioRxiv},
  year={2023},
  publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Preprints},
  url={https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.03.15.532836v1},
}
@misc{kissane2024transfer,
      title={SAEs (usually) Transfer Between Base and Chat Models}, 
      author={Kissane, Connor and Krzyzanowski, Robert and Conmy, Arthur and Nanda, Neel},
      year={2024},
      url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/fmwk6qxrpW8d4jvbd/saes-usually-transfer-between-base-and-chat-models}
}

@misc{kissane2024base,
  author={Connor Kissane and Robert Krzyzanowski and Arthur Conmy and Neel Nanda},
  year={2024},
  howpublished={Alignment Forum},
  title={Base LLMs Refuse Too},
  url={https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/YWo2cKJgL7Lg8xWjj/base-llms-refuse-too}
}

@misc{heimersheim2024exponentially,
      title={Residual stream norms grow exponentially over the forward pass}, 
      author={Heimersheim, Stefan and Turner, Alex},
      year={2024},
      url={https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/8mizBCm3dyc432nK8/residual-stream-norms-grow-exponentially-over-the-forward}
}
@article{gao2024scaling,
  title={Scaling and evaluating sparse autoencoders},
  author={Gao, Leo and la Tour, Tom Dupr{\'e} and Tillman, Henk and Goh, Gabriel and Troll, Rajan and Radford, Alec and Sutskever, Ilya and Leike, Jan and Wu, Jeffrey},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.04093},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.04093}
}
@inproceedings{lenc2015understanding,
  title={Understanding image representations by measuring their equivariance and equivalence},
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@article{bansal2021revisiting,
  title={Revisiting model stitching to compare neural representations},
  author={Bansal, Yamini and Nakkiran, Preetum and Barak, Boaz},
  journal={Advances in neural information processing systems},
  volume={34},
  pages={225--236},
  year={2021},
  url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2021/file/01ded4259d101feb739b06c399e9cd9c-Paper.pdf}
}
@article{morcos2018insights,
  title={Insights on representational similarity in neural networks with canonical correlation},
  author={Morcos, Ari and Raghu, Maithra and Bengio, Samy},
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@article{laakso2000content,
  title={Content and cluster analysis: assessing representational similarity in neural systems},
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  author={Barannikov, Serguei and Trofimov, Ilya and Balabin, Nikita and Burnaev, Evgeny},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.00058},
  year={2021},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2201.00058}
}
@inproceedings{tenney2019bert,
  title={BERT Rediscovers the Classical NLP Pipeline},
  author={Tenney, Ian and Das, Dipanjan and Pavlick, Ellie},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
  pages={4593--4601},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Association for Computational Linguistics},
  address={Florence, Italy},
  doi={10.18653/v1/P19-1452},
  url={https://aclanthology.org/P19-1452}
}

@inproceedings{hewitt2019structural,
  title={A Structural Probe for Finding Syntax in Word Representations},
  author={Hewitt, John and Manning, Christopher D},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)},
  pages={4129--4138},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Association for Computational Linguistics},
  address={Minneapolis, Minnesota},
  url={https://aclanthology.org/N19-1419}
}

@article{prakash2024fine,
  title={Fine-tuning enhances existing mechanisms: A case study on entity tracking},
  author={Prakash, Nikhil and Shaham, Tamar Rott and Haklay, Tal and Belinkov, Yonatan and Bau, David},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.14811},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.14811}
}
@article{jain2023mechanistically,
  title={Mechanistically analyzing the effects of fine-tuning on procedurally defined tasks},
  author={Jain, Samyak and Kirk, Robert and Lubana, Ekdeep Singh and Dick, Robert P and Tanaka, Hidenori and Grefenstette, Edward and Rockt{\"a}schel, Tim and Krueger, David Scott},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.12786},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.12786}
}
@article{lee2024mechanistic,
  title={A mechanistic understanding of alignment algorithms: A case study on dpo and toxicity},
  author={Lee, Andrew and Bai, Xiaoyan and Pres, Itamar and Wattenberg, Martin and Kummerfeld, Jonathan K and Mihalcea, Rada},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2401.01967},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.01967}
}
@inproceedings{Manning1999BookRF,
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  title={Class-Based n-gram Models of Natural Language},
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@misc{lee2024learningdiverseattackslarge,
      title={Learning diverse attacks on large language models for robust red-teaming and safety tuning}, 
      author={Seanie Lee and Minsu Kim and Lynn Cherif and David Dobre and Juho Lee and Sung Ju Hwang and Kenji Kawaguchi and Gauthier Gidel and Yoshua Bengio and Nikolay Malkin and Moksh Jain},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2405.18540},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.18540}, 
}
@article{templeton2024scaling,
       title={Scaling Monosemanticity: Extracting Interpretable Features from Claude 3 Sonnet},
       author={Templeton, Adly and Conerly, Tom and Marcus, Jonathan and Lindsey, Jack and Bricken, Trenton and Chen, Brian and Pearce, Adam and Citro, Craig and Ameisen, Emmanuel and Jones, Andy and Cunningham, Hoagy and Turner, Nicholas L and McDougall, Callum and MacDiarmid, Monte and Freeman, C. Daniel and Sumers, Theodore R. and Rees, Edward and Batson, Joshua and Jermyn, Adam and Carter, Shan and Olah, Chris and Henighan, Tom},
       year={2024},
       journal={Transformer Circuits Thread},
       url={https://transformer-circuits.pub/2024/scaling-monosemanticity/index.html}
    }
@misc{tigges2023linearrepresentationssentimentlarge,
      title={Linear Representations of Sentiment in Large Language Models}, 
      author={Curt Tigges and Oskar John Hollinsworth and Atticus Geiger and Neel Nanda},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2310.15154},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG},
      url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.15154}, 
}
@article{Alain2016UnderstandingIL,
  title={Understanding intermediate layers using linear classifier probes},
  author={Guillaume Alain and Yoshua Bengio},
  journal={ArXiv},
  year={2016},
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  url={https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9794990}
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@article{lan2024sparse,
  title={Sparse Autoencoders Reveal Universal Feature Spaces Across Large Language Models},
  author={Lan, Michael and Torr, Philip and Meek, Austin and Khakzar, Ashkan and Krueger, David and Barez, Fazl},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.06981},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.06981}
}
@article{gorton2024missing,
  title={The Missing Curve Detectors of InceptionV1: Applying Sparse Autoencoders to InceptionV1 Early Vision},
  author={Gorton, Liv},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.03662},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.03662}
}
@article{rajamanoharan2024jumping,
  title={Jumping ahead: Improving reconstruction fidelity with jumprelu sparse autoencoders},
  author={Rajamanoharan, Senthooran and Lieberum, Tom and Sonnerat, Nicolas and Conmy, Arthur and Varma, Vikrant and Kram{\'a}r, J{\'a}nos and Nanda, Neel},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.14435},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.14435}
}
@article{hubinger2024sleeperagentstrainingdeceptive,
      title={Sleeper Agents: Training Deceptive LLMs that Persist Through Safety Training}, 
      author={Evan Hubinger and Carson Denison and Jesse Mu and Mike Lambert and Meg Tong and Monte MacDiarmid and Tamera Lanham and Daniel M. Ziegler and Tim Maxwell and Newton Cheng and Adam Jermyn and Amanda Askell and Ansh Radhakrishnan and Cem Anil and David Duvenaud and Deep Ganguli and Fazl Barez and Jack Clark and Kamal Ndousse and Kshitij Sachan and Michael Sellitto and Mrinank Sharma and Nova DasSarma and Roger Grosse and Shauna Kravec and Yuntao Bai and Zachary Witten and Marina Favaro and Jan Brauner and Holden Karnofsky and Paul Christiano and Samuel R. Bowman and Logan Graham and Jared Kaplan and Sören Mindermann and Ryan Greenblatt and Buck Shlegeris and Nicholas Schiefer and Ethan Perez},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2401.05566},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CR},
      url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.05566}, 
}
@misc{lindsey2024crosscoders,
  title={Sparse Crosscoders for Cross-Layer Features and Model Diffing},
  author={Lindsey, Jack and Templeton, Adly and Marcus, Jonathan and Conerly, Thomas and Batson, Joshua and Olah, Christopher},
  year={2024},
  url={https://transformer-circuits.pub/2024/crosscoders/index.html}
}
@article{brinkmann2025large,
  title={Large Language Models Share Representations of Latent Grammatical Concepts Across Typologically Diverse Languages},
  author={Brinkmann, Jannik and Wendler, Chris and Bartelt, Christian and Mueller, Aaron},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.06346},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.06346}
}
@misc{stefanhex2023resstream,
  title={Residual stream norms grow exponentially over the forward pass},
  author={Heimersheim, Stefan and Turner, Alex},
  year={2023},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/8mizBCm3dyc432nK8/residual-stream-norms-grow-exponentially-over-the-forward}
}
@misc{bricken2024stage,
  title={Stage-Wise Model Diffing},
  author={Trenton Bricken, Siddharth Mishra-Sharma, Jonathan Marcus, Adam Jermyn, Christopher Olah, Kelley Rivoire, Thomas Henighan},
  year={2024},
  url={https://transformer-circuits.pub/2024/model-diffing/index.html}
}
@misc{jermyn2024tanh,
  title={Tanh Penalty in Dictionary Learning},
  author={Adam Jermyn, Adly Templeton, Joshua Batson, Trenton Bricken},
  year={2024},
  url={https://transformer-circuits.pub/2024/feb-update/index.html#dict-learning-tanh}
}
@article{bussman2024batchtopk,
  title={BatchTopK Sparse Autoencoders},
  author={Bart Bussmann, Patrick Leask, Neel Nanda},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.06410},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.06410}
}
@misc{kissane2024open,
  title={Open Source Replication of Anthropic’s Crosscoder paper for model-diffing},
  author={Connor Kissane, robertzk, Arthur Conmy, Neel Nanda},
  year={2024},
url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/srt6JXsRMtmqAJavD/open-source-replication-of-anthropic-s-crosscoder-paper-for}
}
@misc{bricken2024oversampling,
  title={Oversampling a Topic in the SAE Training Set Results in More Detailed Features Related to that Topic},
  author={Trenton Bricken, Jonathan Marcus, Kelley Rivoire, Thomas Henighan},
  year={2024},
  url={https://transformer-circuits.pub/2024/september-update/index.html#oversampling}
}
@misc{schut2025do,
      title={Do Multilingual LLMs Think In English?}, 
      author={Lisa Schut and Yarin Gal and Sebastian Farquhar},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2502.15603},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.15603}, 
}
@inproceedings{wendler2024llamas,
  title={Do llamas work in english? on the latent language of multilingual transformers},
  author={Wendler, Chris and Veselovsky, Veniamin and Monea, Giovanni and West, Robert},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  pages={15366--15394},
  year={2024},
  url={https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.820.pdf}
}
@inproceedings{dumas2024llamas,
  title={How do llamas process multilingual text? a latent exploration through activation patching},
  author={Dumas, Clement and Veselovsky, Veniamin and Monea, Giovanni and West, Robert and Wendler, Chris},
  booktitle={ICML 2024 Workshop on Mechanistic Interpretability},
  year={2024},
  url={https://openreview.net/pdf?id=0ku2hIm4BS}
}
@article{turpin2023language,
  title={Language models don't always say what they think: Unfaithful explanations in chain-of-thought prompting},
  author={Turpin, Miles and Michael, Julian and Perez, Ethan and Bowman, Samuel},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={36},
  pages={74952--74965},
  year={2023},
  url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2023/file/ed3fea9033a80fea1376299fa7863f4a-Paper-Conference.pdf}
}
@article{frankfurt2009bullshit,
  title={On bullshit},
  author={Frankfurt, Harry G},
  year={2009},
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,
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}
@article{sharma2023towards,
  title={Towards understanding sycophancy in language models},
  author={Sharma, Mrinank and Tong, Meg and Korbak, Tomasz and Duvenaud, David and Askell, Amanda and Bowman, Samuel R and Cheng, Newton and Durmus, Esin and Hatfield-Dodds, Zac and Johnston, Scott R and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.13548},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.13548}
}

@article{arditi2025refusal,
  title={Refusal in language models is mediated by a single direction},
  author={Arditi, Andy and Obeso, Oscar and Syed, Aaquib and Paleka, Daniel and Panickssery, Nina and Gurnee, Wes and Nanda, Neel},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={37},
  pages={136037--136083},
  year={2025},
  url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/file/f545448535dfde4f9786555403ab7c49-Paper-Conference.pdf}
}

@article{marshall2024refusal,
  title={Refusal in LLMs is an Affine Function},
  author={Marshall, Thomas and Scherlis, Adam and Belrose, Nora},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.09003},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.09003}
}

@article{jain2025makes,
  title={What makes and breaks safety fine-tuning? a mechanistic study},
  author={Jain, Samyak and Lubana, Ekdeep S and Oksuz, Kemal and Joy, Tom and Torr, Philip and Sanyal, Amartya and Dokania, Puneet},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={37},
  pages={93406--93478},
  year={2025},
  url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/file/a9bef53eb7b0e5950d4f2d9c74a16006-Paper-Conference.pdf}
}

@misc{lee2025finding,
  title={Finding Features Causally Upstream of Refusal},
  author={Lee, Daniel and Breck, Eric and Arditi, Andy},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/Zwg4q8XTaLXRQofEt/finding-features-causally-upstream-of-refusal}, 
  year={2025}
}
@misc{nikankin2024arithmetic,
      title={Arithmetic Without Algorithms: Language Models Solve Math With a Bag of Heuristics}, 
      author={Yaniv Nikankin and Anja Reusch and Aaron Mueller and Yonatan Belinkov},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2410.21272},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.21272}, 
}
@misc{kantamneni2025trig,
      title={Language Models Use Trigonometry to Do Addition}, 
      author={Subhash Kantamneni and Max Tegmark},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2502.00873},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.AI},
      url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.00873}, 
}
@article{greenblatt2024alignment,
  title={Alignment faking in large language models},
  author={Greenblatt, Ryan and Denison, Carson and Wright, Benjamin and Roger, Fabien and MacDiarmid, Monte and Marks, Sam and Treutlein, Johannes and Belonax, Tim and Chen, Jack and Duvenaud, David and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.14093},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.14093}
}
@article{betley2025tell,
  title={Tell me about yourself: LLMs are aware of their learned behaviors},
  author={Betley, Jan and Bao, Xuchan and Soto, Mart{\'\i}n and Sztyber-Betley, Anna and Chua, James and Evans, Owain},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.11120},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.11120}
}

@article{paulo2025transcoders,
  title={Transcoders Beat Sparse Autoencoders for Interpretability},
  author={Paulo, Gon{\c{c}}alo and Shabalin, Stepan and Belrose, Nora},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.18823},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.18823}
}

@article{shi2025hypothesis,
  title={Hypothesis testing the circuit hypothesis in LLMs},
  author={Shi, Claudia and Beltran Velez, Nicolas and Nazaret, Achille and Zheng, Carolina and Garriga-Alonso, Adri{\`a} and Jesson, Andrew and Makar, Maggie and Blei, David},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={37},
  pages={94539--94567},
  year={2025},
  url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/file/abccb8a90b30d45b948360ba41f5a20f-Paper-Conference.pdf}
}

@article{tigges2024llm,
  title={LLM circuit analyses are consistent across training and scale},
  author={Tigges, Curt and Hanna, Michael and Yu, Qinan and Biderman, Stella},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.10827},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.10827}
}

@article{wang2022interpretability,
  title={Interpretability in the wild: a circuit for indirect object identification in gpt-2 small},
  author={Wang, Kevin and Variengien, Alexandre and Conmy, Arthur and Shlegeris, Buck and Steinhardt, Jacob},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.00593},
  year={2022},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.00593}
}


@article{merullo2023circuit,
  title={Circuit component reuse across tasks in transformer language models},
  author={Merullo, Jack and Eickhoff, Carsten and Pavlick, Ellie},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.08744},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.08744}
}

@article{sharkey2025open,
  title={Open Problems in Mechanistic Interpretability},
  author={Sharkey, Lee and Chughtai, Bilal and Batson, Joshua and Lindsey, Jack and Wu, Jeff and Bushnaq, Lucius and Goldowsky-Dill, Nicholas and Heimersheim, Stefan and Ortega, Alejandro and Bloom, Joseph and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.16496},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.16496}
}
@article{bereska2024mechanistic,
  title={Mechanistic Interpretability for AI Safety--A Review},
  author={Bereska, Leonard and Gavves, Efstratios},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.14082},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.14082}
}

@article{ferrando2024primer,
  title={A Primer on the Inner Workings of Transformer-based Language Models},
  author={Ferrando, Javier and Sarti, Gabriele and Bisazza, Arianna and Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.00208},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.00208}
}

@article{goldowsky2023localizing,
  title={Localizing model behavior with path patching},
  author={Goldowsky-Dill, Nicholas and MacLeod, Chris and Sato, Lucas and Arora, Aryaman},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.05969},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.05969}
}

@article{chan2022causal, 
        title={Causal scrubbing, a method for rigorously testing interpretability hypotheses},
        author={Chan, Lawrence and Garriga-Alonso, Adrià and Goldwosky-Dill, Nicholas and Greenblatt, Ryan and Nitishinskaya, Jenny and Radhakrishnan, Ansh and Shlegeris, Buck and Thomas, Nate},
        year={2022},
        journal={AI Alignment Forum},
        url={https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/JvZhhzycHu2Yd57RN/causal-scrubbing-a-method-for-rigorously-testing}
}

@article{miller2024transformer,
  title={Transformer circuit faithfulness metrics are not robust},
  author={Miller, Joseph and Chughtai, Bilal and Saunders, William},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.08734},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.08734}
}

@article{hanna2024have,
  title={Have faith in faithfulness: Going beyond circuit overlap when finding model mechanisms},
  author={Hanna, Michael and Pezzelle, Sandro and Belinkov, Yonatan},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.17806},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.17806}
}

@article{ferrando2024information,
  title={Information flow routes: Automatically interpreting language models at scale},
  author={Ferrando, Javier and Voita, Elena},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.00824},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.00824}
}

@article{lieberum2023does,
  title={Does circuit analysis interpretability scale? evidence from multiple choice capabilities in chinchilla},
  author={Lieberum, Tom and Rahtz, Matthew and Kram{\'a}r, J{\'a}nos and Nanda, Neel and Irving, Geoffrey and Shah, Rohin and Mikulik, Vladimir},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.09458},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.09458}
}

@article{bushnaq2024local,
  title={The local interaction basis: Identifying computationally-relevant and sparsely interacting features in neural networks},
  author={Bushnaq, Lucius and Heimersheim, Stefan and Goldowsky-Dill, Nicholas and Braun, Dan and Mendel, Jake and H{\"a}nni, Kaarel and Griffin, Avery and St{\"o}hler, J{\"o}rn and Wache, Magdalena and Hobbhahn, Marius},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.10928},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.10928}
}

@article{bushnaq2024using,
  title={Using degeneracy in the loss landscape for mechanistic interpretability},
  author={Bushnaq, Lucius and Mendel, Jake and Heimersheim, Stefan and Braun, Dan and Goldowsky-Dill, Nicholas and H{\"a}nni, Kaarel and Wu, Cindy and Hobbhahn, Marius},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.10927},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.10927}
}

@article{braun2025interpretability,
  title={Interpretability in Parameter Space: Minimizing Mechanistic Description Length with Attribution-based Parameter Decomposition},
  author={Braun, Dan and Bushnaq, Lucius and Heimersheim, Stefan and Mendel, Jake and Sharkey, Lee},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.14926},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.14926}
}
@article{feng2023language,
  title={How do language models bind entities in context?},
  author={Feng, Jiahai and Steinhardt, Jacob},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.17191},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.17191}
}

@article{jenner2025evidence,
  title={Evidence of learned look-ahead in a chess-playing neural network},
  author={Jenner, Erik and Kapur, Shreyas and Georgiev, Vasil and Allen, Cameron and Emmons, Scott and Russell, Stuart J},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={37},
  pages={31410--31437},
  year={2025},
  url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/file/37d9f19150fce07bced2a81fc87d47a6-Paper-Conference.pdf}
}

@article{pal2023future,
  title={Future lens: Anticipating subsequent tokens from a single hidden state},
  author={Pal, Koyena and Sun, Jiuding and Yuan, Andrew and Wallace, Byron C and Bau, David},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.04897},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.04897}
}

@article{wu2024language,
  title={Do language models plan ahead for future tokens?},
  author={Wu, Wilson and Morris, John X and Levine, Lionel},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.00859},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.00859}
}
@article{chanin2024absorption,
  title={A is for absorption: Studying feature splitting and absorption in sparse autoencoders},
  author={Chanin, David and Wilken-Smith, James and Dulka, Tom{\'a}{\v{s}} and Bhatnagar, Hardik and Bloom, Joseph},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.14507},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2409.14507}
}
@misc{nabeshima2024matryoshka,
 title={Matryoshka Sparse Autoencoders},
  author={Nabeshima, Noa},
  year={2024},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/zbebxYCqsryPALh8C/matryoshka-sparse-autoencoders#fn-gTupTd3B3GQegCM2j-4}
}
@misc{bussmann2024matryoshka,
 title={Learning Multi-Level Features with Matryoshka SAEs},
  author={Bussmann, Bart and Leask, Patrick and Nanda, Neel},
  year={2024},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/rKM9b6B2LqwSB5ToN/learning-multi-level-features-with-matryoshka-saes}
}
@misc{bussmann2024meta,
 title={Showing SAE Latents Are Not Atomic Using Meta-SAEs},
  author={Bussmann, Bart and Pearce, Michael and Leask, Patrick and Bloom, Joseph and Sharkey, Lee and Nanda, Neel},
  year={2024},
  url={https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/TMAmHh4DdMr4nCSr5/showing-sae-latents-are-not-atomic-using-meta-saes}
}

@misc{conerly2025optimization,
  title={Dictionary Learning Optimization Techniques},
  author={Conerly, Tom and Cunningham, Hoagy and Templeton, Adly and Lindsey, Jack and Hosmer, Basil and Jermyn, Adam},
  year={2024},
  url={https://transformer-circuits.pub/2025/january-update/index.html#DL}
}

@article{ge2024automatically,
  title={Automatically identifying local and global circuits with linear computation graphs},
  author={Ge, Xuyang and Zhu, Fukang and Shu, Wentao and Wang, Junxuan and He, Zhengfu and Qiu, Xipeng},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.13868},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.13868}
}

@article{o2024sparse,
  title={Sparse autoencoders enable scalable and reliable circuit identification in language models},
  author={O'Neill, Charles and Bui, Thang},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.12522},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.12522}
}

@article{zhang2025eap,
  title={EAP-GP: Mitigating Saturation Effect in Gradient-based Automated Circuit Identification},
  author={Zhang, Lin and Dong, Wenshuo and Zhang, Zhuoran and Yang, Shu and Hu, Lijie and Liu, Ninghao and Zhou, Pan and Wang, Di},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.06852},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.06852}
}

@article{dumas2024separating,
  title={Separating Tongue from Thought: Activation Patching Reveals Language-Agnostic Concept Representations in Transformers},
  author={Dumas, Cl{\'e}ment and Wendler, Chris and Veselovsky, Veniamin and Monea, Giovanni and West, Robert},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.08745},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.08745}
}


@article{lepori2023uncovering,
  title={Uncovering intermediate variables in transformers using circuit probing},
  author={Lepori, Michael A and Serre, Thomas and Pavlick, Ellie},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.04354},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.04354}
}

@article{katz2023visit,
  title={VISIT: Visualizing and interpreting the semantic information flow of transformers},
  author={Katz, Shahar and Belinkov, Yonatan},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.13417},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.13417}
}

@article{bhaskar2025finding,
  title={Finding transformer circuits with edge pruning},
  author={Bhaskar, Adithya and Wettig, Alexander and Friedman, Dan and Chen, Danqi},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={37},
  pages={18506--18534},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.16778}
}

@misc{
kharlapenko2025scaling,
title={Scaling Sparse Feature Circuits For Studying In-Context Learning},
author={Dmitrii Kharlapenko and Stepan Shabalin and Fazl Barez and Neel Nanda and Arthur Conmy},
year={2025},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=Pa1vr1Prww}
}

@article{davies2023discovering,
  title={Discovering variable binding circuitry with desiderata},
  author={Davies, Xander and Nadeau, Max and Prakash, Nikhil and Shaham, Tamar Rott and Bau, David},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.03637},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.03637}
}

@inproceedings{heimersheim2023circuit,
  title={A circuit for Python docstrings in a 4-layer attention-only transformer},
  author={Heimersheim, Stefan and Janiak, Jett},
  booktitle={Alignment Forum},
  year={2023},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/u6KXXmKFbXfWzoAXn/a-circuit-for-python-docstrings-in-a-4-layer-attention-only}
}

@article{hanna2023does,
  title={How does GPT-2 compute greater-than?: Interpreting mathematical abilities in a pre-trained language model},
  author={Hanna, Michael and Liu, Ollie and Variengien, Alexandre},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={36},
  pages={76033--76060},
  year={2023},
  url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2023/file/efbba7719cc5172d175240f24be11280-Paper-Conference.pdf}
}
@article{ferrando2024know,
  title={Do I Know This Entity? Knowledge Awareness and Hallucinations in Language Models},
  author={Ferrando, Javier and Obeso, Oscar and Rajamanoharan, Senthooran and Nanda, Neel},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.14257},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.14257}
}

@article{kantamneni2025sparse,
  title={Are Sparse Autoencoders Useful? A Case Study in Sparse Probing},
  author={Kantamneni, Subhash and Engels, Joshua and Rajamanoharan, Senthooran and Tegmark, Max and Nanda, Neel},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.16681},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.16681}
}

@article{wu2025axbench,
  title={AXBENCH: Steering LLMs? Even Simple Baselines Outperform Sparse Autoencoders},
  author={Wu, Zhengxuan and Arora, Aryaman and Geiger, Atticus and Wang, Zheng and Huang, Jing and Jurafsky, Dan and Manning, Christopher D and Potts, Christopher},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.17148},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.17148}
}

@misc{wright2024feature,
  title={Addressing Feature Suppression in SAEs},
  author={Wright, Benjamin and Sharkey, Lee},
  year={2024},
  month={Feb},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/3JuSjTZyMzaSeTxKk/addressing-feature-suppression-in-saes}
}

@article{farnik2025jacobian,
  title={Jacobian Sparse Autoencoders: Sparsify Computations, Not Just Activations},
  author={Farnik, Lucy and Lawson, Tim and Houghton, Conor and Aitchison, Laurence},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.18147},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.18147}
}

@article{lawson2024residual,
  title={Residual Stream Analysis with Multi-Layer SAEs},
  author={Lawson, Tim and Farnik, Lucy and Houghton, Conor and Aitchison, Laurence},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.04185},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2409.04185}
}

@article{olmo2024features,
  title={Features that Make a Difference: Leveraging Gradients for Improved Dictionary Learning},
  author={Olmo, Jeffrey and Wilson, Jared and Forsey, Max and Hepner, Bryce and Howe, Thomas Vin and Wingate, David},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.10397},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.10397}
}

@article{mudide2024efficient,
  title={Efficient dictionary learning with switch sparse autoencoders},
  author={Mudide, Anish and Engels, Joshua and Michaud, Eric J and Tegmark, Max and de Witt, Christian Schroeder},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.08201},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.08201}
}

@article{leask2025sparse,
  title={Sparse Autoencoders Do Not Find Canonical Units of Analysis},
  author={Leask, Patrick and Bussmann, Bart and Pearce, Michael and Bloom, Joseph and Tigges, Curt and Moubayed, Noura Al and Sharkey, Lee and Nanda, Neel},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.04878},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.04878}
}

@article{heap2025sparse,
  title={Sparse Autoencoders Can Interpret Randomly Initialized Transformers},
  author={Heap, Thomas and Lawson, Tim and Farnik, Lucy and Aitchison, Laurence},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.17727},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.17727}
}

@inproceedings{kissane2024saes,
  title={Saes are highly dataset dependent: A case study on the refusal direction},
  author={Kissane, Connor and Krzyzanowski, Robert and Nanda, Neel and Conmy, Arthur},
  booktitle={Alignment Forum},
  year={2024},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/rtp6n7Z23uJpEH7od/saes-are-highly-dataset-dependent-a-case-study-on-the}
}

@article{paulo2024automatically,
  title={Automatically interpreting millions of features in large language models},
  author={Paulo, Gon{\c{c}}alo and Mallen, Alex and Juang, Caden and Belrose, Nora},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.13928},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.13928}
}

@article{paulo2025sparse,
  title={Sparse Autoencoders Trained on the Same Data Learn Different Features},
  author={Paulo, Gon{\c{c}}alo and Belrose, Nora},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.16615},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2501.16615}
}

@article{haklay2025position,
  title={Position-aware Automatic Circuit Discovery},
  author={Haklay, Tal and Orgad, Hadas and Bau, David and Mueller, Aaron and Belinkov, Yonatan},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.04577},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.04577}
}

@article{mueller2024quest,
  title={The quest for the right mediator: A history, survey, and theoretical grounding of causal interpretability},
  author={Mueller, Aaron and Brinkmann, Jannik and Li, Millicent and Marks, Samuel and Pal, Koyena and Prakash, Nikhil and Rager, Can and Sankaranarayanan, Aruna and Sharma, Arnab Sen and Sun, Jiuding and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.01416},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.01416}
}

@article{karvonen2025measuring,
  title={Measuring progress in dictionary learning for language model interpretability with board game models},
  author={Karvonen, Adam and Wright, Benjamin and Rager, Can and Angell, Rico and Brinkmann, Jannik and Smith, Logan and Mayrink Verdun, Claudio and Bau, David and Marks, Samuel},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={37},
  pages={83091--83118},
  year={2025},
  url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/file/9736acf007760cc2b47948ae3cf06274-Paper-Conference.pdf}
}

@article{geiger2021causal,
  title={Causal abstractions of neural networks},
  author={Geiger, Atticus and Lu, Hanson and Icard, Thomas and Potts, Christopher},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={34},
  pages={9574--9586},
  year={2021},
  url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2021/file/4f5c422f4d49a5a807eda27434231040-Paper.pdf}
}

@article{wu2023interpretability,
  title={Interpretability at scale: Identifying causal mechanisms in alpaca},
  author={Wu, Zhengxuan and Geiger, Atticus and Icard, Thomas and Potts, Christopher and Goodman, Noah},
  journal={Advances in neural information processing systems},
  volume={36},
  pages={78205--78226},
  year={2023},
  url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2023/file/f6a8b109d4d4fd64c75e94aaf85d9697-Paper-Conference.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{geiger2024finding,
  title={Finding alignments between interpretable causal variables and distributed neural representations},
  author={Geiger, Atticus and Wu, Zhengxuan and Potts, Christopher and Icard, Thomas and Goodman, Noah},
  booktitle={Causal Learning and Reasoning},
  pages={160--187},
  year={2024},
  organization={PMLR},
  url={https://proceedings.mlr.press/v236/geiger24a/geiger24a.pdf}
}

@article{geiger2023causal,
  title={Causal abstraction: A theoretical foundation for mechanistic interpretability},
  author={Geiger, Atticus and Ibeling, Duligur and Zur, Amir and Chaudhary, Maheep and Chauhan, Sonakshi and Huang, Jing and Arora, Aryaman and Wu, Zhengxuan and Goodman, Noah and Potts, Christopher and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.04709},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.04709}
}

@article{chaudhary2024evaluating,
  title={Evaluating open-source sparse autoencoders on disentangling factual knowledge in gpt-2 small},
  author={Chaudhary, Maheep and Geiger, Atticus},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.04478},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2409.04478}
}


@article{karvonensaebench,
  title={SAEBench: A comprehensive benchmark for sparse autoencoders, December 2024},
  author={Karvonen, A and Rager, C and Lin, J and Tigges, C and Bloom, J and Chanin, D and Lau, YT and Farrell, E and Conmy, A and Mc-Dougall, C and others},
  journal={URL https://www. neuronpedia. org/sae-bench/info},
  url={https://www.neuronpedia.org/sae-bench/info}
}

@article{karvonen2024evaluating,
  title={Evaluating Sparse Autoencoders on Targeted Concept Erasure Tasks},
  author={Karvonen, Adam and Rager, Can and Marks, Samuel and Nanda, Neel},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.18895},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.18895}
}

@article{makelov2024towards,
  title={Towards principled evaluations of sparse autoencoders for interpretability and control},
  author={Makelov, Aleksandar and Lange, George and Nanda, Neel},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.08366},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.08366}
}

@article{nanda2023progress,
  title={Progress measures for grokking via mechanistic interpretability},
  author={Nanda, Neel and Chan, Lawrence and Lieberum, Tom and Smith, Jess and Steinhardt, Jacob},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.05217},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.05217}
}

@article{heimersheim2024use,
  title={How to use and interpret activation patching},
  author={Heimersheim, Stefan and Nanda, Neel},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.15255},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.15255}
}

@article{zhang2023towards,
  title={Towards best practices of activation patching in language models: Metrics and methods},
  author={Zhang, Fred and Nanda, Neel},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.16042},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.16042}
}

@article{cao2021low,
  title={Low-complexity probing via finding subnetworks},
  author={Cao, Steven and Sanh, Victor and Rush, Alexander M},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.03514},
  year={2021},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.03514}
}

@article{shah2024decomposing,
  title={Decomposing and editing predictions by modeling model computation},
  author={Shah, Harshay and Ilyas, Andrew and Madry, Aleksander},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.11534},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.11534}
}

@article{mondorf2024circuit,
  title={Circuit Compositions: Exploring Modular Structures in Transformer-Based Language Models},
  author={Mondorf, Philipp and Wold, Sondre and Plank, Barbara},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.01434},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.01434}
}

@article{rajaram2024automatic,
  title={Automatic discovery of visual circuits},
  author={Rajaram, Achyuta and Chowdhury, Neil and Torralba, Antonio and Andreas, Jacob and Schwettmann, Sarah},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.14349},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.14349}
}

@article{li2024fourier,
  title={Fourier circuits in neural networks and transformers: A case study of modular arithmetic with multiple inputs},
  author={Li, Chenyang and Liang, Yingyu and Shi, Zhenmei and Song, Zhao and Zhou, Tianyi},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.09469},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.09469}
}

@article{stander2023grokking,
  title={Grokking group multiplication with cosets},
  author={Stander, Dashiell and Yu, Qinan and Fan, Honglu and Biderman, Stella},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.06581},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.06581}
}

@inproceedings{chughtai2023toy,
  title={A toy model of universality: Reverse engineering how networks learn group operations},
  author={Chughtai, Bilal and Chan, Lawrence and Nanda, Neel},
  booktitle={International Conference on Machine Learning},
  pages={6243--6267},
  year={2023},
  organization={PMLR},
  url={https://proceedings.mlr.press/v202/chughtai23a/chughtai23a.pdf}
}

@article{zhong2023clock,
  title={The clock and the pizza: Two stories in mechanistic explanation of neural networks},
  author={Zhong, Ziqian and Liu, Ziming and Tegmark, Max and Andreas, Jacob},
  journal={Advances in neural information processing systems},
  volume={36},
  pages={27223--27250},
  year={2023},
    url = {https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2023/file/56cbfbf49937a0873d451343ddc8c57d-Paper-Conference.pdf}
}

@article{vig2020investigating,
  title={Investigating gender bias in language models using causal mediation analysis},
  author={Vig, Jesse and Gehrmann, Sebastian and Belinkov, Yonatan and Qian, Sharon and Nevo, Daniel and Singer, Yaron and Shieber, Stuart},
  journal={Advances in neural information processing systems},
  volume={33},
  pages={12388--12401},
  year={2020},
  url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2020/file/92650b2e92217715fe312e6fa7b90d82-Paper.pdf}
}


@article{mathwin2023identifying,
  title={Identifying a preliminary circuit for predicting gendered pronouns in gpt-2 small},
  author={Mathwin, Chris and Corlouer, Guillaume and Kran, Esben and Barez, Fazl and Nanda, Neel},
  journal={URL: https://itch.io/jam/mechint/rate/1889871},
  year={2023},
  url={https://www.apartresearch.com/project/identifying-a-preliminary-circuit-for-predicting-gendered-pronouns-in-gpt-2-small}
}

@article{chintam2023identifying,
  title={Identifying and adapting transformer-components responsible for gender bias in an English language model},
  author={Chintam, Abhijith and Beloch, Rahel and Zuidema, Willem and Hanna, Michael and Van Der Wal, Oskar},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.12611},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.12611}
}

@inproceedings{wu2023causal,
  title={Causal proxy models for concept-based model explanations},
  author={Wu, Zhengxuan and D’Oosterlinck, Karel and Geiger, Atticus and Zur, Amir and Potts, Christopher},
  booktitle={International conference on machine learning},
  pages={37313--37334},
  year={2023},
  organization={PMLR},
  url={https://proceedings.mlr.press/v202/wu23b/wu23b.pdf}
}

@article{huang2024ravel,
  title={Ravel: Evaluating interpretability methods on disentangling language model representations},
  author={Huang, Jing and Wu, Zhengxuan and Potts, Christopher and Geva, Mor and Geiger, Atticus},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.17700},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.17700}
}

@article{wollschlager2025geometry,
  title={The Geometry of Refusal in Large Language Models: Concept Cones and Representational Independence},
  author={Wollschl{\"a}ger, Tom and Elstner, Jannes and Geisler, Simon and Cohen-Addad, Vincent and G{\"u}nnemann, Stephan and Gasteiger, Johannes},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.17420},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.17420}
}

@article{yu2024robust,
  title={Robust LLM safeguarding via refusal feature adversarial training},
  author={Yu, Lei and Do, Virginie and Hambardzumyan, Karen and Cancedda, Nicola},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.20089},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2409.20089}
}

@article{dutta2024think,
  title={How to think step-by-step: A mechanistic understanding of chain-of-thought reasoning},
  author={Dutta, Subhabrata and Singh, Joykirat and Chakrabarti, Soumen and Chakraborty, Tanmoy},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.18312},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.18312}
}

@article{cabannes2025iteration,
  title={Iteration head: A mechanistic study of chain-of-thought},
  author={Cabannes, Vivien and Arnal, Charles and Bouaziz, Wassim and Yang, Xingyu and Charton, Francois and Kempe, Julia},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={37},
  pages={109101--109122},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.02128}
}

@article{brinkmann2024mechanistic,
  title={A mechanistic analysis of a transformer trained on a symbolic multi-step reasoning task},
  author={Brinkmann, Jannik and Sheshadri, Abhay and Levoso, Victor and Swoboda, Paul and Bartelt, Christian},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.11917},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.11917}
}

@article{stolfo2023mechanistic,
  title={A mechanistic interpretation of arithmetic reasoning in language models using causal mediation analysis},
  author={Stolfo, Alessandro and Belinkov, Yonatan and Sachan, Mrinmaya},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.15054},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.15054}
}

@article{he2024jailbreaklens,
  title={Jailbreaklens: Interpreting jailbreak mechanism in the lens of representation and circuit},
  author={He, Zeqing and Wang, Zhibo and Chu, Zhixuan and Xu, Huiyu and Zheng, Rui and Ren, Kui and Chen, Chun},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.11114},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.11114}
}

@inproceedings{hou2023towards,
  title={Towards a Mechanistic Interpretation of Multi-Step Reasoning Capabilities of Language Models},
  author={Hou, Yifan and Li, Jiaoda and Fei, Yu and Stolfo, Alessandro and Zhou, Wangchunshu and Zeng, Guangtao and Bosselut, Antoine and Sachan, Mrinmaya},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  pages={4902--4919},
  year={2023},
  url={https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.299.pdf}
}

@article{yang2024large,
  title={Do large language models latently perform multi-hop reasoning?},
  author={Yang, Sohee and Gribovskaya, Elena and Kassner, Nora and Geva, Mor and Riedel, Sebastian},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.16837},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.16837}
}

@article{biran2024hopping,
  title={Hopping too late: Exploring the limitations of large language models on multi-hop queries},
  author={Biran, Eden and Gottesman, Daniela and Yang, Sohee and Geva, Mor and Globerson, Amir},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.12775},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.12775}
}

@article{yu2025back,
  title={Back Attention: Understanding and Enhancing Multi-Hop Reasoning in Large Language Models},
  author={Yu, Zeping and Belinkov, Yonatan and Ananiadou, Sophia},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.10835},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.10835}
}

@article{xie2024sorry,
  title={Sorry-bench: Systematically evaluating large language model safety refusal behaviors},
  author={Xie, Tinghao and Qi, Xiangyu and Zeng, Yi and Huang, Yangsibo and Sehwag, Udari Madhushani and Huang, Kaixuan and He, Luxi and Wei, Boyi and Li, Dacheng and Sheng, Ying and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.14598},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.14598}
}


@misc{meng2024monitor,
  title={Monitor: An AI-Driven Observability Interface},
  author={Meng, Kevin and Huang, Vincent and Chowdhury, Neil and Choi, Dami and Steinhardt, Jacob and Schwettmann, Sarah},
  year={2024},
  month={Oct},
  url={https://transluce.org/observability-interface}
}

@misc{gould2023successor,
      title={Successor Heads: Recurring, Interpretable Attention Heads In The Wild}, 
      author={Rhys Gould and Euan Ong and George Ogden and Arthur Conmy},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2312.09230},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG},
      url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.09230}
}

@misc{kissane2024attncirc,
  title={Attention Output SAEs Improve Circuit Analysis},
  author={Connor Kissane and Robert Krzyzanowski and Arthur Conmy and Neel Nanda},
  year={2024},
  howpublished={Alignment Forum},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/EGvtgB7ctifzxZg6v/attention-output-saes-improve-circuit-analysis}
}

@article{ng2011sparse,
  title={Sparse autoencoder},
  author={Ng, Andrew and others},
  journal={CS294A Lecture notes},
  volume={72},
  number={2011},
  pages={1--19},
  year={2011},
  url={https://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs233-21-spring/ReferencedPapers/SAE.pdf}
}

@misc{zheng2023lmsyschat1m,
title={LMSYS-Chat-1M: A Large-Scale Real-World LLM Conversation Dataset},
author={Lianmin Zheng and Wei-Lin Chiang and Ying Sheng and Tianle Li and Siyuan Zhuang and Zhanghao Wu and Yonghao Zhuang and Zhuohan Li and Zi Lin and Eric. P Xing and Joseph E. Gonzalez and Ion Stoica and Hao Zhang},
year={2023},
eprint={2309.11998},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL},
url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.11998}
}

@inproceedings{ribeiro2016should,
  title={" Why should i trust you?" Explaining the predictions of any classifier},
  author={Ribeiro, Marco Tulio and Singh, Sameer and Guestrin, Carlos},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining},
  pages={1135--1144},
  year={2016},
  url={https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2939672.2939778?}
}

@article{liu2022towards,
  title={Towards understanding grokking: An effective theory of representation learning},
  author={Liu, Ziming and Kitouni, Ouail and Nolte, Niklas S and Michaud, Eric and Tegmark, Max and Williams, Mike},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={35},
  pages={34651--34663},
  year={2022}
,
    url = {https://papers.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2022/file/dfc310e81992d2e4cedc09ac47eff13e-Paper-Conference.pdf}
}

@article{zhou2024pre,
  title={Pre-trained large language models use fourier features to compute addition},
  author={Zhou, Tianyi and Fu, Deqing and Sharan, Vatsal and Jia, Robin},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.03445},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.03445}
}

@article{marks2025auditing,
  title={Auditing Language Models for Hidden Objectives},
  author={Marks, Samuel and Treutlein, Johannes and Bricken, Trenton and Lindsey, Jack and Marcus, Jonathan and Mishra-Sharma, Siddharth and Ziegler, Daniel and Ameisen, Emmanuel and Batson, Joshua and Carter, Shan and Chen, Brian and Cunningham, Hoagy and Dietz, Florien and Golechha, Satvik and Kirchner, Jan and Meek, Austin and Nishimura-Gasparian, Kei and Ong, Euan and Olah, Christopher and Pearce, Adam and Roger, Fabien and Salle, Jeanne and Tong, Meg and Thomas, Drake and Riviore, Kelley and Jermyn, Adam and MacDiarmid, Monte and Henighan, Tom and Hubinger, Evan},
  year={2025},
 url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.10965},
}

@article{geva2023dissecting,
  title={Dissecting recall of factual associations in auto-regressive language models},
  author={Geva, Mor and Bastings, Jasmijn and Filippova, Katja and Globerson, Amir},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.14767},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.14767}
}

@article{lanham2023measuring,
  title={Measuring faithfulness in chain-of-thought reasoning},
  author={Lanham, Tamera and Chen, Anna and Radhakrishnan, Ansh and Steiner, Benoit and Denison, Carson and Hernandez, Danny and Li, Dustin and Durmus, Esin and Hubinger, Evan and Kernion, Jackson and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.13702},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.13702}
}

@article{radhakrishnan2023question,
  title={Question decomposition improves the faithfulness of model-generated reasoning},
  author={Radhakrishnan, Ansh and Nguyen, Karina and Chen, Anna and Chen, Carol and Denison, Carson and Hernandez, Danny and Durmus, Esin and Hubinger, Evan and Kernion, Jackson and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.11768},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.11768}
}

@article{geng2023survey,
  title={A survey of confidence estimation and calibration in large language models},
  author={Geng, Jiahui and Cai, Fengyu and Wang, Yuxia and Koeppl, Heinz and Nakov, Preslav and Gurevych, Iryna},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.08298},
  year={2023},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.08298}
}

@article{gawlikowski2023survey,
  title={A survey of uncertainty in deep neural networks},
  author={Gawlikowski, Jakob and Tassi, Cedrique Rovile Njieutcheu and Ali, Mohsin and Lee, Jongseok and Humt, Matthias and Feng, Jianxiang and Kruspe, Anna and Triebel, Rudolph and Jung, Peter and Roscher, Ribana and others},
  journal={Artificial Intelligence Review},
  volume={56},
  number={Suppl 1},
  pages={1513--1589},
  year={2023},
  publisher={Springer},
  url={https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10462-023-10562-9}
}

@article{gurnee2024universal,
  title={Universal neurons in gpt2 language models},
  author={Gurnee, Wes and Horsley, Theo and Guo, Zifan Carl and Kheirkhah, Tara Rezaei and Sun, Qinyi and Hathaway, Will and Nanda, Neel and Bertsimas, Dimitris},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2401.12181},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.12181}
}

@article{ahdritz2024distinguishing,
  title={Distinguishing the knowable from the unknowable with language models},
  author={Ahdritz, Gustaf and Qin, Tian and Vyas, Nikhil and Barak, Boaz and Edelman, Benjamin L},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.03563},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.03563}
}

@article{luo2024jailbreak,
  title={Jailbreak Instruction-Tuned LLMs via end-of-sentence MLP Re-weighting},
  author={Luo, Yifan and Zhou, Zhennan and Wang, Meitan and Dong, Bin},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.10150},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.10150}
}

@article{wei2023jailbroken,
  title={Jailbroken: How does llm safety training fail?},
  author={Wei, Alexander and Haghtalab, Nika and Steinhardt, Jacob},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={36},
  pages={80079--80110},
  year={2023},
  url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2023/file/fd6613131889a4b656206c50a8bd7790-Paper-Conference.pdf}
}

@article{anil2025many,
  title={Many-shot jailbreaking},
  author={Anil, Cem and Durmus, Esin and Panickssery, Nina and Sharma, Mrinank and Benton, Joe and Kundu, Sandipan and Batson, Joshua and Tong, Meg and Mu, Jesse and Ford, Daniel and others},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={37},
  pages={129696--129742},
  year={2025}
,
    url = {https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/file/ea456e232efb72d261715e33ce25f208-Paper-Conference.pdf}
}


@article{andriushchenko2024jailbreaking,
  title={Jailbreaking leading safety-aligned llms with simple adaptive attacks},
  author={Andriushchenko, Maksym and Croce, Francesco and Flammarion, Nicolas},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.02151},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.02151}
}

@article{stolfo2025confidence,
  title={Confidence regulation neurons in language models},
  author={Stolfo, Alessandro and Wu, Ben and Gurnee, Wes and Belinkov, Yonatan and Song, Xingyi and Sachan, Mrinmaya and Nanda, Neel},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={37},
  pages={125019--125049},
  year={2025},
  url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/file/e21955c93dede886af1d0d362c756757-Paper-Conference.pdf}
}

@article{wu2024semantic,
  title={The Semantic Hub Hypothesis: Language Models Share Semantic Representations Across Languages and Modalities},
  author={Wu, Zhaofeng and Yu, Xinyan Velocity and Yogatama, Dani and Lu, Jiasen and Kim, Yoon},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.04986},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.04986}
}

@article{pires2019multilingual,
  title={How multilingual is multilingual BERT?},
  author={Pires, Telmo and Schlinger, Eva and Garrette, Dan},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.01502},
  year={2019},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.01502}
}

@article{zhao2025large,
  title={How do large language models handle multilingualism?},
  author={Zhao, Yiran and Zhang, Wenxuan and Chen, Guizhen and Kawaguchi, Kenji and Bing, Lidong},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={37},
  pages={15296--15319},
  year={2025},
  url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/file/1bd359b32ab8b2a6bbafa1ed2856cf40-Paper-Conference.pdf}
}

@article{ferrando2024similarity,
  title={On the similarity of circuits across languages: a case study on the subject-verb agreement task},
  author={Ferrando, Javier and Costa-juss{\`a}, Marta R},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.06496},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.06496}
}

@article{taufeeque2024planning,
  title={Planning in a recurrent neural network that plays Sokoban},
  author={Taufeeque, Mohammad and Quirke, Philip and Li, Maximilian and Cundy, Chris and Tucker, Aaron David and Gleave, Adam and Garriga-Alonso, Adri{\`a}},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.15421},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.15421}
}

@inproceedings{bush2025interpreting,
  title={Interpreting Emergent Planning in Model-Free Reinforcement Learning},
  author={Thomas Bush and Stephen Chung and Usman Anwar and Adri{\`a} Garriga-Alonso and David Krueger},  
  booktitle={The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations},
  url={https://openreview.net/pdf/e8ceadfe0b16829299aebe5ed2c5bcd1e660ba74.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{guez2019investigation,
  title={An investigation of model-free planning},
  author={Guez, Arthur and Mirza, Mehdi and Gregor, Karol and Kabra, Rishabh and Racani{\`e}re, S{\'e}bastien and Weber, Th{\'e}ophane and Raposo, David and Santoro, Adam and Orseau, Laurent and Eccles, Tom and others},
  booktitle={International conference on machine learning},
  pages={2464--2473},
  year={2019},
  organization={PMLR}
,
  url = {https://proceedings.mlr.press/v97/guez19a.html}
}
@article{lundberg2017unified,
  title={A unified approach to interpreting model predictions},
  author={Lundberg, Scott M and Lee, Su-In},
  journal={Advances in neural information processing systems},
  volume={30},
  year={2017},
  url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2017/file/8a20a8621978632d76c43dfd28b67767-Paper.pdf}
}
@misc{olah2023manifold,
  title={Feature Manifold Toy Model},
  author={Olah, Christopher and Batson, Josh},
  year={2023},
  url={https://transformer-circuits.pub/2023/may-update/index.html#feature-manifolds}
}
@misc{olah2024multidimensional,
  title={What is a Linear Representation? What is a Multidimensional Feature?},
  author={Olah, Christopher},
  year={2024},
  url={https://transformer-circuits.pub/2024/july-update/index.html#linear-representations}
}
@misc{gorton2024manifold,
  title={Curve Detector Manifolds in InceptionV1},
  author={Gorton, Olivia},
  year={2024},
  url={https://livgorton.com/curve-detector-manifolds/}
}
@article{engels2024not,
  title={Not all language model features are linear},
  author={Engels, Joshua and Michaud, Eric J and Liao, Isaac and Gurnee, Wes and Tegmark, Max},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.14860},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.14860}
}

@misc{pochinkov2025planpara,
  title={ParaScopes: Do Language Models Plan the Upcoming Paragraph?},
  author={Pochinkov, Nicky},
  year={2025},
  url={https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/9NqgYesCutErskdmu/parascope-do-language-models-plan-the-upcoming-paragraph}
}

@article{pochinkov2024extracting,
  title={Extracting Paragraphs from LLM Token Activations},
  author={Pochinkov, Nicholas and Benoit, Angelo and Agarwal, Lovkush and Majid, Zainab Ali and Ter-Minassian, Lucile},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.06328},
  year={2024},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2409.06328}
}
@article{mu2023learning,
  title={Learning to compress prompts with gist tokens},
  author={Mu, Jesse and Li, Xiang and Goodman, Noah},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={36},
  pages={19327--19352},
  year={2023},
  url={https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2023/file/3d77c6dcc7f143aa2154e7f4d5e22d68-Paper-Conference.pdf}
}

@article{arcuschin2025chain,
  title={Chain-of-Thought Reasoning In The Wild Is Not Always Faithful},
  author={Arcuschin, Iv{\'a}n and Janiak, Jett and Krzyzanowski, Robert and Rajamanoharan, Senthooran and Nanda, Neel and Conmy, Arthur},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.08679},
  year={2025},
  url={https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.08679}
}

@article{goh2024large,
  title={Large language model influence on diagnostic reasoning: a randomized clinical trial},
  author={Goh, Ethan and Gallo, Robert and Hom, Jason and Strong, Eric and Weng, Yingjie and Kerman, Hannah and Cool, Jos{\'e}phine A and Kanjee, Zahir and Parsons, Andrew S and Ahuja, Neera and others},
  journal={JAMA Network Open},
  volume={7},
  number={10},
  pages={e2440969--e2440969},
  year={2024},
  publisher={American Medical Association},
  url={https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2825395/goh_2024_oi_241182_1729527081.343.pdf}
}

@article{mcduff2023towards,
  title={Towards accurate differential diagnosis with large language models},
  author={McDuff, Daniel and Schaekermann, Mike and Tu, Tao and Palepu, Anil and Wang, Amy and Garrison, Jake and Singhal, Karan and Sharma, Yash and Azizi, Shekoofeh and Kulkarni, Kavita and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.00164},
  year={2023},
  url={https://jakegarrison.me/doc/Towards%20Accurate%20Differential%20Diagnosis%20with%20Large%20Language%20Models.pdf}
}


@article{reese2024limitations,
  title={On the limitations of large language models in clinical diagnosis},
  author={Reese, Justin T and Danis, Daniel and Caufield, J Harry and Groza, Tudor and Casiraghi, Elena and Valentini, Giorgio and Mungall, Christopher J and Robinson, Peter N},
  journal={medRxiv},
  pages={2023--07},
  year={2024},
  url={https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10370243/pdf/nihpp-2023.07.13.23292613v1.pdf}
}

@article{savage2024diagnostic,
  title={Diagnostic reasoning prompts reveal the potential for large language model interpretability in medicine},
  author={Savage, Thomas and Nayak, Ashwin and Gallo, Robert and Rangan, Ekanath and Chen, Jonathan H},
  journal={NPJ Digital Medicine},
  volume={7},
  number={1},
  pages={20},
  year={2024},
  publisher={Nature Publishing Group UK London},
  url={https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-024-01010-1.pdf}
}

@article{strong2023chatbot,
  title={Chatbot vs medical student performance on free-response clinical reasoning examinations},
  author={Strong, Eric and DiGiammarino, Alicia and Weng, Yingjie and Kumar, Andre and Hosamani, Poonam and Hom, Jason and Chen, Jonathan H},
  journal={JAMA internal medicine},
  volume={183},
  number={9},
  pages={1028--1030},
  year={2023},
  publisher={American Medical Association},
  url={https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/articlepdf/2806980/jamainternal_strong_2023_ld_230023_1693517126.00366.pdf}
}

@article{kanjee2023accuracy,
  title={Accuracy of a generative artificial intelligence model in a complex diagnostic challenge},
  author={Kanjee, Zahir and Crowe, Byron and Rodman, Adam},
  journal={Jama},
  volume={330},
  number={1},
  pages={78--80},
  year={2023},
  publisher={American Medical Association},
  url={https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2806457/jama_kanjee_2023_ld_230037_1687532972.65484.pdf}
}

@article{amann2020explainability,
  title={Explainability for artificial intelligence in healthcare: a multidisciplinary perspective},
  author={Amann, Julia and Blasimme, Alessandro and Vayena, Effy and Frey, Dietmar and Madai, Vince I and Precise4Q Consortium},
  journal={BMC medical informatics and decision making},
  volume={20},
  pages={1--9},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Springer},
  url={https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12911-020-01332-6.pdf}
}

@article{band2023application,
  title={Application of explainable artificial intelligence in medical health: A systematic review of interpretability methods},
  author={Band, Shahab S and Yarahmadi, Atefeh and Hsu, Chung-Chian and Biyari, Meghdad and Sookhak, Mehdi and Ameri, Rasoul and Dehzangi, Iman and Chronopoulos, Anthony Theodore and Liang, Huey-Wen},
  journal={Informatics in Medicine Unlocked},
  volume={40},
  pages={101286},
  year={2023},
  publisher={Elsevier},
  url={https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352914823001302}
}

@article{lieberum2024gemmascope,
      title={Gemma Scope: Open Sparse Autoencoders Everywhere All At Once on Gemma 2}, 
      author={Tom Lieberum and Senthooran Rajamanoharan and Arthur Conmy and Lewis Smith and Nicolas Sonnerat and Vikrant Varma and János Kramár and Anca Dragan and Rohin Shah and Neel Nanda},
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}

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Decomposing the QK circuit with Bilinear Sparse Dictionary Learning
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@misc{bricken2025automating,
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engels2025not,
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title={Introspection}, 
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https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/introspection
},
 note={Accessed August 31, 2025} }

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@misc{olah2025toy,
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url={https://www.alignmentforum.org/posts/zRA8B2FJLtTYRgie6/the-positional-embedding-matrix-and-previous-token-heads-how},
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@misc{chowdhury2025truthfulness,
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@misc{gao2025weightsparse,
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@misc{drori2025sparsely,
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@misc{drori2026unfaithful,
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}